Essay about Surrealism in Photography

Essay about Surrealism in Photography Have you ever imagined your life without photographs? Have you ever heard of surrealistic photos and that special thrill and appeal they bring into ordinary life? People who have grown up in modern society would probably tell you that they like to make shots: of nature, of animals, of trips, of buildings, of food and of themselves. But not all of them have heard of such notion as surrealism in photography. Just to shed the light on this phenomenon, we should say that surrealism is a special form of art with features divergent from that of traditional. In fact, it’s an art of abstract forms and shapes that one can see in fantasies and dreams, feel in emotions and anxieties. Inspiration that one can derive from these sources is always of unpredictable and unique nature. Having a look at the photos of surrealists, you will understand all the charm of this suddenness and will be surprised with the variety of forms and ways of their expression. Still, not everyone is able to comprehend all the depth of these shots and images, as they turn out to be the reflection of someone’s subconscious mind. In other words, photographers-surrealists take pictures of their dreams, emotions and fantasies. In addition, innovative techniques are used to recreate inner feelings of human beings, such as montage, solarization, double exposure and printing. The latter allows the artist to communicate their own reality to the observer and to draw the â€Å"sharp contour† between light and darkness, between the dream and objective reality.

Gender, Gender And Gender Roles Essay - 1823 Words

We live in a progressing society with one never ending battle, it’s a global battle. A clearly determined line from both involving parties reveals to us the ancient war of genders. A society which has overcome many social indifferences yet gender roles is a highly controversial and complicated topic. It seems this generation is caught in the crossfire of the final frontier of this ancient war. An increase in fundamental changes in gender roles is resulting in manipulating society and altering gender boundaries; females are breaking out of traditional restraints. As with all changes, there are positive and negative attributes; females are advancing and closing the inequality division between males but have traditional roles been underestimated? In order to fully grasp the understanding of the subject of gender roles, we must discuss the meaning of gender. According to Cara Tannenbaum, Lorraine Greaves and Ian D. Grahm; the authors of Why Sex and Gender Matter in Implementation Research, by â€Å"using the term ‘sex’ to refer to the biological attributes that distinguish male from female, and the term ‘gender’ to refer to men and women s socially constructed roles, identities and behaviors† (1). The use of ‘role’ refers to an individual’s placement within society as well as their position within a relationship. ‘Traditional roles’ on the other hand refer to culturally established placement; for example, women’s exclusion from public life, women being homemakers, while men wereShow MoreRelatedGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biologi cal characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the socialRead MoreGender Roles : Gender And Gender1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender role can be defined as a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Culture and society are two important factors in relation to this particular topic. This implies that various societies and cultures may produce children and later fully grown men and women who may have diverse perspectives of a man or a woman’s place or role in the world around them; this is often determined by their culture’s gender stereotypesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles844 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has institutionalized gender roles since the beginning of time, a common one is that women are the nurturers and housekeepers, while men are the breadwinners of household. In spite of centuries, and fighting for women s rights, such as the right to vote in the late 1920s. Women still have roles to fulfill, even in a modern society that is dominated by a virtual world. Gender identification has multiplied from that of men and women, to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ)Read MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve gender is only based on being male or female. People believe gender is based on the physical and biological differences between women and men. Over the last few years, the term gender has changed. When some people believe gender is being male or female. Most people associate gender with gender roles and how people are supposed to function or perform based on society’s expectations. In other words, people believe males and females have to behave according to their gender or gender roles to beRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles863 Words   |  4 PagesGender can sometimes be seen as biological characteristics humans have, when in fact it is the social characteristic ones society deems either masculine or feminine. Sex, on the other hand, is the biological differences in humans, for example, hormones and sex organs. People usually play gender roles in society, otherwise known as gender ideology. Gender ideology is when men and women have certain attitudes regarding their ‘fixed’ roles, responsibilities and rights. Throughout history men and womenRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1225 Words   |  5 Pagesoptions related to gender conduct. Male gender roles are instilled early on in childhood. As men meet these unwritten expectations they acquire acceptance from other men, attain potential mates, increase self-esteem and increase social status. This in part is called the socialization process. These benefits reinforce men to continue with this as their standard. What are these unwritten rules that are nurtured and ta ught so crucially by family and friends? Traditional gender roles are what determineRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles2086 Words   |  9 PagesGender refers to being male or female. It is usually used to determine the cultural and social difference between men and women. Gender roles are expectations of how males and females should behave, what attitudes they should have, what activities they should do and etc. according to their culture (Witt, 2016). Years ago, males and females had specific roles that separated them from each other. Males were known to go hunting to provide food for the family, and females were to stay at home andRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1829 Words   |  8 PagesGender socialization often begins early once parents are shown the sex of their child; from then on, baby showers are planned according to gender â€Å"appropriate† colors, which are often pink for girls and blue for boys. Even differences in how children are spoke to c an be picked up easily in Western cultures. Girls are called pretty and sweet, whereas boys are handsome and strong. Ultimately, the way children learn to identify with their gender culture is in part due to not only family and friendsRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles can be defined as roles society expects people to play on account of their sex life. Like all roles, gender roles are made up of sets of expectations, so they can be thought of as sets of expirations, so they can be thought of as sets of expectation that are attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of theRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagessession, I will discuss the gender roles in my family. The definition of gender role is the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture (Matsumoto, D. R., Juang 2013, 156). For example, traditional gender roles recommend that males are aggressive, angry, and unemotional. It goes further and explains that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the main wage earner. The traditional gender role for the female purpose is to

Challenges in Accounting Led

Question: What Challenges in accounting led to the Failure of ABC Learning Center? Answer: Introduction The various considerations of the literature review of the ABC learning center is seen to be important for the purpose of the discussions based on the several types of the policy blunders and mistreatment of the revenues and the earnings. It was seen that the auditors failed to interpret the earnings and the revenues of the company. Some of the important failures of the company has been identified in terms of the non adherence to the corporate governance policies. Some of the other financial discrepancy has been identified in terms of mismanagement of high debts (Coll et al. 2013) Over the years, accounting profession is identified as an important part of the society and has been recognized with several challenges. Development of the dynamic accounting practice is identified as the key consideration to excel in the profession. The main reforms of the accounting profession has been identified in terms of the various types of the reforms which has been made in the accounting profession in terms of the development of contextual, social and the behavioral outcomes. As per the present practices of the accountants, the, the professional accountants have to go through tremendous external pressure. Some of the key components in the literature review have been identified in from of recognition of corporate governance mechanisms and profession to follow codes of professional conduct. Some of the important discussions based on the literature review has been able to discuss on the main challenges in form professional code of conduct, ASX Corporate Governance principles an d the recommendations and various types of the norms which needs to be followed for the purpose of maintaining adequate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Lee, Lee and Kwon 2014). Professional Code of Conduct As per the accounting Standards, which are followed in Australia the most important emphasis, has been seen to be given in terms of the adherence of the Code of Ethics for professional Accountants. This code was introduced in 2006 and was revised in the year 2008 by the Accounting Professional and the Ethical Standards Board (APESB). The aforementioned board was seen to be constituted by the CPA, ICAA and NIA (Everingham et al. 2013). The main responsibility of this board has been mainly identified in form of the regulations, which are set on two fold rules. The first being member engagement, system target and self-regulation. The second rule aims to formulate the restoration of the reputation of the accountants, which is seen to be generally demanded by the public (Scarino 2014). The professional code of the ethics is seen to be contributing in terms of conducting a framework for the self-regulation of the accounting profession. It further requires the individual members of the acco untancy profession to act in respect of the public interest and reflect wider responsibility for the community rather than only focusing on only the employers, clients and the shareholders (Scarino 2014). The diagram for the contemporary challenges in the accounting profession has been shown below as follows: Figure 1: The contemporary challenges in the accounting profession (Source: Bahadori, Zendehboudi and Zahedi 2013) The implementation of the various types of the professional codes has been able to show the various types of the implementations based on a series of accounting Scandal in ABC Learning Centers. It has been further seen that apart from the well known bankruptcies such as in HIH Insurance, Enron and WorldCom, the accountants were found to be guilty for violating the professional code of ethics as per Australian Corporations Act (Shahiduzzaman, Layton and Alam 2015). The principle of the integrity under the section 110.1 is able to impose the various types of the obligation, which have been able to drawn from the various type of the members of the honest professional and business relationship integrity. The various types of the objectivity under the section 120.1 has been able to impose the obligation which is applicable to all the members to compromise of their business judgment and various types of the conflicts arising out of the business interest (Yunupingu and Muller 2013). The principle of the professional competence and due care has been able to highlight the various type of the issues which is stated under section 130.1 and imposition of obligations on the members. Including the members to maintain the professional knowledge and the skill required to ensure Clients or the employers are able to receive competent professional service. The fourth fundamental concept has been further discussed under section 140.1. It has been further seen tha t the various types of the obligations of the business to refrain from disclosing and the using the confidential information which is acquired as a result of the legal duty to be disclosed. The professional behavior is seen to be included under the section 150.1 and the principle imposes the actions based on the obligations on the members to comply with the various types of the laws and the regulation. These are associated to avoid the action or the omissions, which is seen to be associated to the relevant laws and regulation or avoid any omissions, which fall under the informed third party, having the relevant informed third party, and negatively affect the reputation of the profession (Bahadori and Nwaoha 2013). However based on the accounting bodies there has been several efforts made for being ethical for drawing the criticism. The public perception of these efforts are seen to be low, the ethical considerations have been questioned based on the quality standards. In case of ABC Learning Centers, it has been observed that the ethical code has been stigmatized as the typical reaction to the profession has been seen to be powerless (Lynn and Brownie 2015). Corporate Governance, Recommendations and Principles of ASX As discussed in the professional ethical code, the ASXs CG rule was developed in the early 2000s to counter blatant instances, which is also evident in case of ABC Learning Center. These particular rules are seen to be applicable in terms of ASXCG council to augment the Corporations Act 2001, which is often known as the corporations Act, 2001. These Laws are relevant on suggesting on the important aspects of the corporate Governance practice (Kidd et al. 2015). The recent changes in the corporate governance code have been able to include the eight principles as well changes with relevance to the further guidance and support to companies. The main principle has been able to show the relevant structure and the tasks, which is able to incorporate the relevant principles for ethical decision-making, integrity, disclosure rules, risk management and the shareholders rights. Some of the major changes has been further been seen in terms of the various types of the consideration which are seen to be made in the implementation of the new materials and formerly incorporated principles. The guidance to the CG practices is further seen to be dealing with the rights and responsibilities from companys point of view. The important factor taken into consideration in this aspect has been mainly seen in terms of informing the investment decisions through full and fair disclosure. This is particularly relevant in case of the ABC Learning Centers. It has been f urther seen to be critical from the CG perspective that all the companies need to disclose the relevant portrayal of the financial position. Although in the past, it has been identified that the public company has been seen to be affected by the several types of the theories, which are seen to be associated to depleting financial condition (Cheshire, Everingham and Lawrence 2014). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The corporations need to react in the socially and environmentally responsible manner. They are expected to contribute to sustain the development and have the different activities scrutinized. It has been further seen that the CSR activities in Australian companies are defined under the World Business Council for sustainable development. Figure 2: Activities for CSR (Source:Behavior Analyst Certification Board 2016) From the very beginning of this decade, it has been considered that accounting profession has been seen with several corporate scandals. These scandals have been seen to be evident in form of suspicious accounting practices and CSR approaches. The collapse of company such as ABC Learning Center has a significant amount of impact in terms of maintaining ethics of accounting profession and events, which consequently generated several amendments in the corporate social responsibility reporting. The company was seen to be making profits at the cost of Australian taxpayers whose money was subsidized for the use of child care by tested tax rebates (Burns et al. 2013). A major survey was conducted by KPMG International survey for stating the guidelines under CSR reporting 2008. As per the survey close to 80% of the largest 250 companies in the world has issued that CSR report that is considered 50% more than it was in 2005. It was further observed that the reporting level was maximum from Japan with 93% of the companys regularly disclosing their activities associated to corporate social responsibility is integrated with their annual reports (Rose et al. 2013). Japan was followed by United States and United Kingdom. With particular relevance to Australia, more than 45% of the listed companies are reporting CSR activities and the reporting process has now become a norm in the entire country. Some of the main issues of non-reporting was seen with principles of global framework and supply chain (Hou, Rego and Service 2013). The developments made in the last three years associated to standards and code of CSR practices such as the Global Reporting Initi ative, a see you having a major impact in the overall corporate social responsibility reporting. This is particularly evident from the last two years where companies has started to model is the CSR activities with their supply chain management (Hall, Agarwal and Green 2013). In 2007 company such as Mattel known as was leading toy manufacturer had to recall more than 20 million toys which was contaminated with lead as a result this was seen as a breach of CSR management and the reporting extends beyond the ownership and direct control. With a similar way the financial misinterpretations and the non reporting of the same in the annual report is often considered as a breach of CSR activity by ABC Learning Centers (Webb, McKellar and Kay 2013). Some of the earliest instances of the CSR including the ethical questions and social environment have been associated to accounting profession in the mid-1980s. With the increasing power, size and multinational enterprises several concerns and society have accepted the importance of disclosure of CSR activities in the annual report (Wardle et al. 2013). Summary of Literature Review In the recent times, the accounting profession in Australia and worldwide has shown significant transformations. This has been followed by a series of social scandals, stakeholders and issues associated to financial and environmental policies. It has been further seen that in the best interests associated to the profession that accountants have the opportunity to regain the credibility of an organization. It is an further seen that the accounting profession has asked to participate a number of improvements in the associated practices, allergies and laws which are seen to be governed by the business enterprise is and have taken considerations of becoming even larger and either diversify on a global scale. The accounting profession and the financial reporting is further considered include not only the stakeholders or thus shareholders but with the consideration of disclosure is associated with CSR policies it is equally responsible for reporting impacts on society and environment to th e general public. The increasing amount of concerns with the society and stakeholders and business ethics has raised the requirement for new accounting methods by which participants and organizations can address several matters to resolve the existing issues in accounting. Since 2005, the Australian reporting entities are required to maintain the International financial reporting standards (IFRS). As the adoption of IFRS began, the Australian accounting standards (AASB) made some modifications to the existing standards, in 2007 it came up with identical standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to maintain the compliance with regulatory standards. The several types of changes in the professional code of conduct has been further specified by the corporations act and ASXCG. Despite of the improving nature of the situations and the increasing financial value of the company is some of the important questions have been raised with the government regulators and the policymakers to make any significant changes to the existing system. Several policymakers have analyzed to what extent does the accounting profession wants the ethical issues to be addressed based on quality standards. The second issue which has been disclosed is related to the extent to which the CG practices are a comparable standard and the third aspect has been considered by checking the viability of scarce legislation on the Central Securities Depository CSD in countries such as Australia and alike on a global scale (Rogers, Saintilan and Copeland 2014). References BahadoriA. and NwaohaC. (2013) A review on solar energy utilisation in Australia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 15. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.003. BahadoriA., ZendehboudiS. and ZahediG. (2013) A review of geothermal energy resources in Australia: Current status and prospects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, pp. 2934. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.020. Behavior Analyst Certification Board (2016) Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts, Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts, p. 24. Available at: https://www.bacb.com/Downloadfiles/BACB_Compliance_Code.pdf. CheshireL., EveringhamJ. A. and LawrenceG. (2014) Governing the impacts of mining and the impacts of mining governance: Challenges for rural and regional local governments in Australia, Journal of Rural Studies, 36, pp. 330339. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.10.010. CollM., LibralatoS., PitcherT. J., SolidoroC. and TudelaS. (2013) Sustainability implications of honouring the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp. 157166. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.017. EveringhamJ. A., PattendenC., KlimenkoV. and ParmenterJ. (2013) Regulation of resource-based development: Governance challenges and responses in mining regions of Australia, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 31(4), pp. 585602. doi: 10.1068/c10184. HallR., AgarwalR. and GreenR. (2013) The future of management education in Australia: challenges and innovations, Education + Training, 55(4), pp. 348369. doi: 10.1108/00400911311326009. HouX. Y., RegoJ. and ServiceM. (2013) Review article: Paramedic education opportunities and challenges in Australia, EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia, pp. 114119. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12034. LeeY. H., LeeY.-M. and KwonH. J. (2014) [Development of a code of professional conduct for medical students and residents]., Korean journal of medical education, 26(4), pp. 321333. doi: 10.3946/kjme.2014.26.4.321. KiddD., MaloneB., McBratneyA., MinasnyB. and WebbM. (2015) Operational sampling challenges to digital soil mapping in Tasmania, Australia, Geoderma Regional, 4, pp. 110. doi: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2014.11.002. LynnA. and BrownieS. (2015) The Perioperative Nurse Surgeons Assistant: Issues and challenges associated with this emerging advanced practice nursing role in Australia, Collegian, 22(1), pp. 109115. doi: 10.1016/j.colegn.2013.12.004. RogersK., SaintilanN. and CopelandC. (2014) Managed Retreat of Saline Coastal Wetlands: Challenges and Opportunities Identified from the Hunter River Estuary, Australia, Estuaries and Coasts, 37(1), pp. 6778. doi: 10.1007/s12237-013-9664-6. RoseM., FergusonA., PowerE., TogherL. and WorrallL. (2013) Aphasia rehabilitation in Australia: Current practices, challenges and future directions., International journal of speech-language pathology, 16(2), pp. 112. doi: 10.3109/17549507.2013.794474. ScarinoA. (2014) Situating the challenges in current languages education policy in Australia unlearning monolingualism, International Journal of Multilingualism, 11(3), pp. 3741. doi: 10.1080/14790718.2014.921176. WardleJ. L., AdamsJ., LuiC.-W. and SteelA. E. (2013) Current challenges and future directions for naturopathic medicine in Australia: a qualitative examination of perceptions and experiences from grassroots practice., BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1), p. 15. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-15. WebbR. J., McKellarR. and KayR. (2013) Climate change adaptation in Australia: experience, challenges and capability development, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 20(4), pp. 320337. doi: 10.1080/14486563.2013.835285. YunupinguD. and MullerS. (2013) Cross-cultural challenges for Indigenous sea country management in Australia, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 16(3), pp. 158167. doi: 10.1080/14486563.2009.9725216.

William Faulkner Essays (1340 words) - William Faulkner

William Faulkner William Faulkner was a writer in the early to mid 1900's. Faulkner was born into a life of a well-known family and a somewhat rich family. Faulkner also has a very unique style and this paper will show his unique style in the story ?A Rose for Emily.? William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. Faulkner was born into a pretty famous household. His great-grandfather, Senior John Sactoris was part of Mississippi's history. His great-granddaddy was an author of several books, a lawyer, soldier, railroad builder, and poet. He was twice acquitted of murder charges. ` ?Faulkner grew up around traditional lore-family and regional stories, rural folk wisdom and humor, heroic and tragic accounts of the Civil War, and tales of the hunting code and the southern gentlemen's ideas of conduct (Collier's, 1)? He also grew up in conditions of poverty. As a child Faulkner grew up in his hometown, Oxford, Mississippi. He went through all of grammar school and only a few years of high school and college classes. As a young adult Faulkner knew he wanted to be a writer. As a teenager Faulkner wrote and illustrated homemade books. After attending a few college classes Faulkner entered the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War I. When the war came to an end Faulkner went back to his hometown of Oxford. To keep himself from becoming poor Faulkner performed many odd jobs, some of which included a journeyman, carpenter, house painter, fireman, night watchman, and a postman. During that time Faulkner started writing his first book, The Marble Fawn. The Marble Fawn, written in 1924, was a collection of largely intellectual and derivative verse. After publishing his first novel Faulkner started moving around to such areas as the Bohemian Quarter of New Orleans, New York, and all over Europe. He moved around until he met Sherwood Anderson, and was advised to write pieces of fiction. Sometime later Faulkner published his second novel, Mosquitoes, which was about his life in Bohemian Quarters of New Orleans. Two years later in 1929 Faulkner published Sarlons. This was Faulkner's first book to include his made up country found in many of his stories, which was know as Yoknapatawpa County. Faulkner died on July 6, 1962. His writing career lasted for three long decades and every single one of his novels from his first to his last have all been popular and won acclaim from many people. Faulkner himself has a very unique style, ?he is credited with having the imagination to see, before other serious writers saw, the tremendous potential for dramas, pathos, and sophisticated humor in the history and people of the south (Short Story Writers, 293).? Faulkner has been called by many the Literary Carpenter. By using this material and showing others how to use this style Faulkner is credited with sparking the Southern Renaissance. By writing about the South's history, Faulkner changed the American view on the people in the south. ?In undercutting the false idealizations, Faulkner often distorted the stereotypes and rendered them somewhat grotesque in the interest of bringing them to three-dimensional life; and he attempted to show through social and political presumptions of the South the portent of it's inevitable destruction- first through war then through an insidious new social order based on commercial pragmatism and shortsighted lust for progress (Short Story Writers, 293).? In this sense the new south was shown as mainstream America. Faulkner writes in a way that makes it harder for the reader to understand. He uses long sentences that challenge the reader to make out the speaker, the time, and even the subject of the narrative. Faulkner uses stream of consciousness interior monologues, and frequently combines time to stress his belief that the past and present are linked together in the human psyche. The story ?A Rose for Emily? exemplifies these points very well. ?A Rose for Emily? is one of Faulkner's most critiqued stories and it is also one of his best stories as well. It is a popular book for its elements of mystery, suspense, and the macabre. In the story Emily Grierson murders her husband because he cheated on her and then she sleeps with his dead rotting carcass. The main point of the story is not her killing, but of her relationship to the two generations of people in her town, the first generation is known as the old guard and the second one is known as the new generation with ?modern ideas.? In the beginning of the story the

Top 5 Overlooked and Rewarding Healthcare Careers

Top 5 Overlooked and Rewarding Healthcare Careers think outside the box if you have a passion for healthcare, but want to avoid more typical career paths. this field is filled to the brim with fascinating opportunities for all different skill sets. here are 5 careers that showcase the career diversity of industry. is one right for you? medical transcriptionistthis position consists of typing up doctors’ audio recordings into medical reports; it is vital to maintaining smooth administrative activity and coordinating care across disciplines. the more you work, the more you’ll make; the average earnings for this position are around $36,000. the perks include flexible schedules, the ability to work from home, and affordable training programs that can certify you in just a few months.dietitiandietitians studying the science of nutrition and food. in this profession, you work with clients to assess their health needs and goals, develop plans of action and exercise, and advise them about their diets. the average salary is $59 ,000. dietitians can work in all kinds of institutions, from hospitals to long-term care, colleges to program offices. you may also be able to work part-time and set flexible hours. you’ll need a degree and a license in order to practice.healthcare it specialistthe growing tech needs of the healthcare industry mean that specialized it professionals can find rewarding, lucrative work in this field. responsibilities include installing and maintaining records systems and networks, providing support to coworkers, and securing industry certifications like cmaa and cehrs. salary can range from $37,000 to $59,000 annually.midwifemidwives are childbirth specialists trained in monitoring pregnancy, birth, and post-partum care. positions exist in hospitals, birthing centers, and even remotely in various homes. the on-call hours can be demanding, but scheduling is flexible and the work is undeniably rewarding. salaries can run as high as $96k, and the field requires licensing and regula r certification updates.medical codermedical codes are used in healthcare to identify procedures and health issues for insurance and billing purposes. the average pay is $50,000 annually, more with specialized certifications; coders work in hospitals, institutions, and related office settings. make sure you find a worthwhile training program that will provide you with support and job placement after graduation.

Quality Improvement essays

Quality Improvement essays Goodyear is the leading tire manufacturer in the U.S. With a number of different brands, Goodyear has a tire for almost all types of cars, trucks, agricultural vehicles and off-road vehicles. This paper evaluates the need for quality improvement in the raw-material supplier, distribution and marketing of the tires in the U.S. Production and manufacturing are important areas where traditionally quality management has been emphasized and stressed. In recent times however there is an increasing trends by organizations to also improve the quality of their supply and distribution channels with the aim of improving customer satisfaction. In the organizational setting, quality is often defined based on the need of the customer and how an organization meets this need. Product performance and perception play an important role in identifying the perception of quality that a customer might have. Satisfying customer needs has created a new need for managing customer relationship and providing the desired service. The customers for Goodyear Tire Company are identified as follows: The Original Equipment Tire Customers (OEM): This includes the car manufacturers who constitute approximately 25-30% of the total tire consumption. (Kerin and Peterson, 2004) The tires manufactured by the company are used on a variety of cars manufactured by GM, Ford, Chrysler, Mazda and Toyota to name a few. The demand for tires from this type of customer depends on the automobile industry, which in turn depends on the volume of cars sold. Goodyear considers the OEM customer very important, as, if customers were satisfied with the quality and the performance of tires on their vehicles they were more likely to replace their tires with replacements from the same company. Auto manufacturers also prefer...

Critically evaluate the consequences of the consumers increased Essay

Critically evaluate the consequences of the consumers increased expectation that news should be free for content producers, advertisers and consumers - Essay Example Appurtenant to the digital revolution has been the radicalisation of communication modes, with the inception of chat rooms, email, instant messaging and blogs. In turn these novel communication modes have reshaped social interaction in the contemporary social framework within the continuous movement towards global homogenous cultural paradigms and international business networks (Volmer & Precourt, 2008). Indeed, Volmer and Precourt (2008) refer to the comments of a 2007 interview with Nike vice president Trevor Edwards, who commented that â€Å"gone are the days of one shoe, one advertising campaign, Now you’ve got to engage consumers on every level† (In Vomer & Precourt, 2008, p.2). A prime example of one of these levels is the immediacy of the social network Twitter, which enables instantaneous connectivity with consumers. As such, Comm et al highlight that â€Å"businesses can harness the immediacy of Twitter to innovate and build relationships like never before† (2009, p.xiv). However, whilst the social networking phenomenon clearly enables businesses a much wider level of access to potential customers; the increase in networking and peer to peer information dissemination has led to an increased expectation that news and content should be free (Shimp, 2008; Gupta, 2009). Furthermore, the increase in consumer control has led to consumers wanting more information before purchasing and the availability of free information has led to an expectation of free content (Volmer & Precourt, 2008). Accordingly, the increased consumer control and expectation of certain content being free clearly impacts the traditional method of advertising and marketing as a result of changes in consumer expectation. For example, business leader and Squidoo creator Seth Godin refers to the fact that consumers are more likely to be

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Business law - Essay Example The courts might have used the written law to make their judgments. Andersen was found guilty of obstruction of justice for destroying of potential evidence by shredding their documents which could have been used by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency of the US Government With the primary responsibility for regulation of securities markets. Under US GAAP, the only acceptable method of financial reporting is consolidation of controlled entities .non consolidation can only occur under specific conditions Outside USA; consolidated financial reporting is called group accounting and is required when one entity owns more than half of the other entity and can dictate its operations. Consolidating financial reporting is complex and requires financial statements to be combined and reported as a single financial report. Enron failed to comply with this ethic Enron major crime was misrepresentation and misleading the general public about their financial position. Enron did not disclose its real financial figures. The major requirement in US financial reporting is disclosure of information. The disclosure requirement is based on the premise that markets are efficient. Enron traded on future contracts called derivatives because they derived their value from underlying assets. The market of the contracts reduces the volatility of prices by fixing a price at a future date. Example assume Enron have two option contracts matching the same amount of a commodity over the same period of time. One contract was to purchase the commodity while other contract was to sell the commodity. Enron looked on to the future on the assumption that contracts were exercised and there were net results. After evaluating all cost, the net income (loss) was estimated. The net income (loss) was discounted to its present value and recorded as loss. Earnings reported under the market to market were easy to manipulate because active markets for contracts dating

The Stanford Prison Study and Obedience of the Masses Essay Example for Free

The Stanford Prison Study and Obedience of the Masses Essay The Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo during the early 1970s showed the power of institutions to subject the masses to their own designs, despite the fact that institutions are generally represented by fewer people than the numbers constituting the masses.   Nevertheless, the study has been harshly criticized because it exposed its subjects to torture.   Seeing that scientific studies are essentially designed to benefit humanity at large, the fact that the prison guards inflicted torture upon the prisoners is despicable in the eyes of the scientific community.    The research should have been stopped at the first instance of torture.   However, conditions continued to worsen at the experimental prison created by Zimbardo (Macionis, 2005).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though the findings of the Stanford Prison Study are valuable in understanding human behavior, the study had been poorly designed because it did not exclude sadism as well as humiliation of the participants.   Nowadays, there are activists working against animal torture in scientific experiments.   But, the Stanford Prison Study included only humans in its design. The study is also criticized because its pool of participants was small.   What is more, Zimbardo had instructed the false prison guards to instill a sense of fear and powerlessness in the participants.   The prison guards were further instructed to work on stripping the participants off their individuality (â€Å"Stanford Prison,† 2007).   It is but obvious that an experimental design that does not control for sadism and dehumanization is unethical at best.   Besides, a scientific experiment that seeks to instill fear in the participants is comparable to terrorist acts in our times!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite its careless design, the Stanford Prison Study has provided humanity with a helpful message against torture, in addition to blind obedience to authority.   In a situation where obedience is demanded of the common people, and those demanding obedience are assumed to be powerful enough to inflict torture if their demands are not met; the common people normally have no choice but to obey.   In the process, the latter may lose their peace of mind, and some might even have to bear the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder for as long as they live.   All the same, the entire world bears witness to the truth of subjection and obedience.   At all places in the world, the Stanford Prison situation has occurred in one form or another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While countless prisons around the world bear testimony to the fact that prisoners can be emotionally traumatized and jailers can be extremely cruel, a basic example of the situation could be witnessed in abusive homes, where family members must subject themselves to an abusive father or mother for the simple fact that the latter appears as powerful enough to inflict torture.   People are also known to subject themselves to cruel circumstances that are often created by bad governments and politics around the world. It is certain that most of the people of Israel and Palestine, for instance, do not wish to engage in war.   However, the factions that fight amongst themselves are powerful enough to inflict torture.   Hence, the common people feel traumatized and impotent enough to allow the painful situation to persist.   Despite the fact that the common people wish for peace, and are greater in number, the groups that invade their peace carry arms which give them a very powerful image.   This image is scary enough to make common people extremely obedient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, the Stanford Prison situation is not unique by any means.   People subject themselves to powerful images at all times. Even so, the power of the Stanford Prison Study is the realization that human beings do not have to believe in images of power and subject themselves to torture.   This realization can be strengthened by modern-day conception of quantum reality – that is, we are not certain that the powerful images are real.   Indeed, it is possible for people to help themselves out of torturous situations. References Macionis, John J. (2005). Sociology. (Tenth Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice Hall. Stanford Prison Study. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved 18 July 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment.

American Folk Music Essay -- Music History

The folk genre has origins all the way back to the 19th century, which in many ways is mirrored by many popular genres in modern musical genres. To make it easy folk music is merely, â€Å"ballads and songs which are composed and conveyed vocally, without being written.† Though what we distinguish ‘folk’ today as stylistically very different to what ‘folk’ was during the 19th century, at its basic form, it still holds the same standards and concepts, describing the simpler times. Through vigorous research, it’s hard to overlook the history and development of southern folk music, and how it may help understand the significance for observing and expanding the dynamics of southern race relationships. Both southern race associations and southern composition are replications of the social construction of the rural south. In the physically separated south, black and white melodic backgrounds show the same deviations and junctions which have historica lly characterized black and white relations. This is not an emotional analysis; but instead it is a socially ancient examination of regional popular culture which focuses upon the collaboration between two important features of that culture; race and music. The growth of the American folk music as a popular commodity is a process which matches the historical and cultural expansion of American society. In the formation of this commodity, two major streams, British and African, ran together over a two century period. Alan Lomax, one of folk music's foremost iconic historians, has observed that the junction of these varied elements has resulted in a cultural product which is "more British than whatever one can discover in Britain†. Southern music is a noteworthy measure of the folk customs; in man... ...nic scale by twisting the strings of the guitar to attain tones which expressed their feelings. These "bent notes" developed into a normal feature of the blues. Call and response patterns were complicatedly intertwined into the vocal arrangements of black music, both transcendent and secular. Yet another Africanism which merits attention is the widespread use of the "falsetto yell" "falsetto jump" in which the singing was elevated an octave "usually in the preceding syllable of a word, at the conclusion of a line". It is commonly understood that this mannerism was preserved in the field hollers and work songs of the slavery age and found its way into the early blues form. Some researchers have suggested that the "blue yodel† commercialized by Jimmie Rodgers and his many followers may have been an deliberate mixture of the Swiss yodel and the African falsetto jump.

Regional Problems and Urban Problems Experienced In UK Economy Essay

United Kingdom economy is a developed economy. Developed economies experiences different challenges as its tries to sustain its operations, in this essay I shall write on the urban and regional problems experienced in the United Kingdom economy. According to Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, (2006) growth of the economy came along with increased migration to the cities where the economic activities were many. This migration strains the resources available such as the infrastructure of roads, railways, water and sewage systems, waste managements and sustainable supply of food and other consumable goods (Jacobs, 2006). Such straining of limited resources makes them more expensive as a result lives in the cities is becoming expensive by the day. There is also stiff competition for the available job opportunities as the local and migrants from other countries flock in the country in seek of Jobs. These ends up denying the locals who are not much skilled accessibility to Jobs which leads to most people being Jobless in cities which are expensive to sustain their livelihood they therefore result to crime. This is the reason why state of insecurity and crime is in increase as the economy grows. According to George, (2007) the regions surrounding such strong economies tend to dwindle because most of their experienced laborer seeks employment in the already developed economies because their compensations are much higher. This denies them a chance to develop as they brain washed. The performances of such economy and its effect in the region could be measured by use of Regional Economic Performance (PSA) target and Gross Value Added (GVA). Therefore there is need to strategize on how United Kingdom would be able to solve the regional and urban problems which they experience for its sustainability References George, C, 2007. ‘Regional Activity Relocation Problems In A Developing Economy’, Center of Economic Research. Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 311-338 Jacobs, B, 2006. ‘Cities Under Stress: Problems of Development and Decline’, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 104 – 112. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, (2006), UK Presidency EU Ministerial Informal on Sustainable Communities, Available at http://www. communities. gov. uk/documents/cit

The Effects of Illiteracy

The Effects of Illiteracy Literacy is defined as the ability when reading, writing and working with basic numbers. On the other hand, illiteracy is fundamentally not being able to read or to comprehend written communication; in fact, illiterates cannot understand some opinions from other persons. People who are illiterate feel pressure from society and they start to feel emotions such as anxious and depressant because they cannot read or understand simple things, for example: read a newspaper, the inability to follow written instructions, read signs on the road, and so on.There are two effects of illiteracy: illiteracy creates an obstacle to their development as well as a function on society and toward their self esteem. Illiteracy has become an impediment for those people who want to improve in their lives, which include a social development or I could say â€Å"social function†. According to the Deputy Minister of Education of Lesotho, Mrs. Malijane Maqelepo says that illite racy is an obstacle that prevents people from participating in their country’s growth. Lena) But as we know, the growth of a country comes from the people who contribute with it and, of course, these people are not illiterates they had an adequate education when they were kids. Illiterates are concerned about this because it formed a basis for their general knowledge, and the consequence of not having a good education is that they cannot apply for a job that involves either read or write or both of them, normally both. Likewise, an illiterate wants to attribute to his country its development. Countries with a high illiteracy rate are more likely to be disadvantaged.If a populace is not literate, it cannot be involved in high tech jobs. New careers such the sciences, mathematics, and technology are primarily established in countries that have literate populations. Therefore, illiteracy does not encourage positive social change, personal growth, or the preservation and developm ent of language and culture. However, illiteracy not just affects the social development but self esteem. Self esteem can be affected by this issue to a point that the illiterate person may feel there is no hope of ever becoming literate, and in fact, they feel as a failure in the life.The self esteem in illiteracy has certain characteristics that lead to an attitude, which in sometimes the person can feel depressant and anxious for becoming a literate; as a result, its basic comprehension skills begin to decay and it makes difficult to gain or to develop skills such as writing and reading. Self-esteem is intrinsically tied to illiteracy. For instance, a qualitative study of the perspectives of adults with low literacy skills revealed how much patients feared that their poor reading skills would be exposed. â€Å"I don't tell anybody or say anything (about my illiteracy)†, said one. â€Å"They might think I'm a bad person. (Brez) These pressures can tempt them to feel unacce ptable for society so they do not have an emotional safety; as a result, their sense of control and personal responsibility cannot take it when given power and control, plus they do not have that confidence to deal with it. In addition, being literate can improve self-esteem, individual empowerment and the improvement of livelihood. In conclusion, illiteracy can be regarded as one of the most important problem on society because prevents the development of a person who wants to progress with its life, but not just that, it decays the self-esteem of them.So it has to be eradicated, likewise, illiterate people will not feel such a useless and will have the confidence to interact with people and give opinions of what had told to them because sometimes they get confused with some things; as a consequence, they are lost in what they have to think or to say. Works-cited list: * Brez S, Taylor M. Assessing literacy for patient teaching: perspectives of adults with low literacy skills. J Ad v Nurs. 1997; 25:1040-7. * Lena. â€Å"Illiteracy is an obstacle – Maqelepo. † 06 September, 2002 http://www. gov. ls/articles/2002/Illeteracy%20An%20Obstacle%20-%20Maqelepo. htm.

Living Conditions in Kenya Essays

Living Conditions in Kenya Essays Living Conditions in Kenya Essay Living Conditions in Kenya Essay Life CONDITIONS IN KENYA 1 This paper analyzes the life conditions in Kenya. Kenya is the biggest economic system in East Africa, and it has contributed greatly into the stabilisation of East African states. This includes Somalia, where the state has sent military personnels to assist in reconstructing order and security within the part. In explicating the life conditions in Kenya, this paper uses the societal justness theory, and the moralss of virtuousness theory. The moralss of virtuousness theory lays an accent on the function of an individual’s character, for intents of measuring and analysing the ethical behaviour of a individual ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . Social justness theory on the other manus develops the rules that govern the societal order of a society. Social Justice refers to the ability that people have, for intents of recognizing their potencies, within the society in which they live ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . On this footing, there is a demand of set uping establishments th at would assist the society to take a better and fulfilling life. The rules established by the theory of societal justness are, personal and political autonomies, equal chances, etc. This paper argues that the life conditions in Kenya are hapless, and bulk of people are unable to acquire better services because of inefficiency in the mode in which the national authorities distributes resources to the grassroots degree. Before December 2007, Kenya was categorized as one of the success narratives in Africa. This is because the state was sing a fledging democracy, and an unprecedented economic growing, which was characterized by a flourishing touristry industry ( Williams, 2012 ) . It is of import to understand that the population of the state is approximated at 35.5 million people, with about 10 million people populating in the urban countries ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . The capital metropolis is in Nairobi, with over three million people shacking in it. The 2007 elections in Kenya culminated into an electoral force that was so terrible and lifelessly. This force shocked the full universe, and this is because Kenya has been regarded as a symbol of peace and stableness within a part that was infested with civil wars and armed struggles. Kenya faces a series of jobs, such as corruptness, HIV/AIDS, higher criterions of life, poorness, malnutrition and hungriness, a hapless wellness sector, tribalism, and hapless leading and administration ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . These mentioned jobs are the chief causes that make the life conditions in Kenya to be hapless and substandard. For case, it is estimated that kids below 15 old ages of age signifier 50 % of the entire population of the state ( Campbell, Gray and Radak, 2011 ) . On this footing, the state faces a high dependence load, which is responsible for making a competition for the chief intent accessing quality instruction, wellness attention services, and other societal services. It is of import to understand that in every bit much as the economic system of the state usually see some growing, more than half of the population of the state live in poorness ( Williams, 2012 ) . That is they live in less than a dollar per twenty-four hours. The most vulnerable people are kids and adult females populating in rural countries, and in slums ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Poverty in the state is attributed to inefficient administration construction that does non guarantee the just distribution of resources to the grassroots degree. Poverty is besides attributed to the widespread corruptness within the state ( Williams, 2012 ) . In fact, in an one-year study of the states that is the most corrupt in the universe. Kenya ranks amongst the most corrupt states in t he universe. Corruptness is widespread within the state, and it is really hard for an person to acquire services from the authorities without corrupting a authorities functionary ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Amongst the establishments where corruptness thrives, are the constabulary forces, the military units, the bench, and sections responsible for supplying in-migration services. Harmonizing to the societal justness theory, it is the function of the authorities to supply a conducive ambiance that can assist people to do wealth, and live in prosperity. Eradication of poorness should be one of the major concerns of the authorities, and hence establishments must be put in topographic point, for intents of assisting the authorities to contend poorness, and its causes ( Williams, 2012 ) . It is of import to understand that there have been attempts and schemes developed for intents of contending corruptness within the state, which is one of the major, causes of poorness. Institutions such as the Kenya Anti Corruption Authority were established. However, these establishments have failed to undertake the jobs of corruptness, because of deficiency of authorities will. For case, there have been major dirts affecting the larceny of public money, and this includes the Goldenberg saga, whereby a concern adult male, with the aid of top authorities functionaries decided to steal revenue enhancement payer’s money by feigning that they could provide gold, to the state militias in the 1990s ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Billions of shillings were lost in this procedure. Another state of affairs is the Anglo leasing dirt, which came to come up in 2005 whereby top authorities functionaries were able to steal one million millions of shillings from the authorities. It is of import to denote that failure by authorities anti-corruption establishments to forestall these dirts was an unfairness to the Kenyan society ( Williams, 2012 ) . This is every bit harmonizing to the societal justness theory, which lays accent on establishments to assist in advancing societal justness, and this includes equality of chance, and personal and political freedom. For illus tration, due to corruptness, the province is unable to raise financess that can assist it to develop roads, better on the instruction and wellness attention system, etc. On this footing, the authorities is forced to utilize the limited resources it has to develop certain countries, go forthing other parts in their development docket. This is clearly against the societal justness theory which advocates for just distribution of resources ( Hooft, 2006 ) . To cut down the jobs of corruptness in Kenya, there is a demand of utilizing the rules contained in the virtuousness theories of moralss for intents of commanding the behaviour of its senior authorities functionaries. This theory focuses on methods of bettering the morality of people, by set uping the regulations and processs that the people under consideration should follow. For illustration, corruptness is a negative phenomenon in the state, and there is a demand of set uping constabularies and mechanisms of contending corruptness. On this footing, the Kenyan authorities demands to ordain assorted Torahs and processs aimed at contending corruptness, and detering the frailty ( Williams, 2012 ) . These processs could include demonising this facet of corruptness, by taking civil retainers to developing seminars with the purpose of sensitising them on the dangers of corruptness. Through these actions, opportunities are high that the authorities might transfuse the moral virtuousnesss of honestness, and the demand to function amongst its senior civil retainers ( Hooft, 2006 ) . This will hold an consequence of minimising corruptness, taking to the decrease of poorness within the state ( Gifford, 2009 ) . Another factor that leads to hapless life criterions in the state is the country’s wellness sector, which is inefficient, and lacks adept medical practicians to work in these sectors. It is of import to understand that Kenya lacks adequate physicians and nurses to work in its wellness sector. The chief ground of this deficit is that the state does non hold equal preparation installations and resources that can ease the preparation of more medical practicians, and later en gaging these people ( Hornsby, 2012 ) . However, it is of import to understand that the country that is affected largely by this deficit of physicians is in rural countries. This is because most practicians do non like working in these countries because the wage is small, and they have small chances of progressing in their callings. Doctors in rural countries are ever employed by the authorities, and the wage offered by the authorities is non ever moneymaking ( Hooft, 2006 ) . On this footing, these physicians would instead remain in urban countries, where they can acquire better occupations, with honoring wage. On this footing, there is unjust distribution of service, with the rural countries being at a disadvantage. In the position of the societal justness theory, this is injustice, because people are unable to get services, which they have a right to ( Hooft, 2006 ) . This is because they are revenue enhancement remunerators, and therefore the authorities needs to supply the wellness attention services that they need. The instruction system in Kenya is besides hapless, and it favors kids from the rich background. In every bit much as the authorities introduced a cosmopolitan free primary instruction in the state, the educative services provided are non up to the criterion. This is because schoolrooms are congested, and there are cases whereby two kids are forced to portion a desk ( Haustein, 2011 ) . There is besides a deficit of instructors, and the authorities is loath to engage more instructors because it lacks the necessary financess to transport out the exercising. On this footing, the quality of instruction provided in authorities schools is low, and this is ever reflected in national test, where pupils from authorities schools do non execute better than pupils at private schools ( Haustein, 2011 ) . It is hence of import to understand that parents prefer taking their kids to private schools, for them to entree quality and good instruction. However, these schools are ever really expensive, a nd out of range of bulk of Kenyans. It is hence accurate to understand that the instruction system in Kenya is prefering the rich, and this goes against the rules established by the societal justness theory ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to this rule, there must be equity in the sharing of authorities resources, and on this footing, the Government failed in this sphere ( Hooft, 2006 ) . All that the authorities needs to make is to better the construction of free primary instruction, engage more instructors, construct more schools and schoolroom, and better on the accomplishments that its instructors have. By making this, opportunities are high that the authorities would better the quality of free primary instruction. From the position of the societal justness theory, it is the establishment of administration that plays a great function in guaranting whether there is just or unjust distribution of educational resources ( Williams, 2012 ) . This is because it is the authorities that has the duty of supplying instruction to the citizens of the state. Tribalism is besides a factor that leads to unjust distribution of resources. This is because senior authorities functionaries are acute at developing countries where their folks come from, at the disbursal of the full state. Loyalty is to the folk, as opposed to the whole state. In decision, the hapless life conditions in Kenya are chiefly caused by corruptness, and unjust distribution of resources. The societal justness theory and the virtuousness of moralss theory can be used to efficaciously explicate and supply a solution to these jobs. For case, the societal justness theory advocators for the publicity of just distribution of resources, and personal every bit good as political freedoms. In the position of this theory, establishments play a great function in guaranting that there is an just distribution of resources and the personal and political freedoms of people are guaranteed. On this footing, when these societal immoralities are depicted in a society, so the establishments of the society under consideration have failed. The same can be applied in the Kenyan state of affairs, whereby the establishments formed by the authorities to contend poorness, corruptness, tribalism and other ailments in the society have failed. The virtuousness moralss theory o n the other manus emphasizes on morality and the demand of holding a good character. Corruptness is an illustration a character that is non good, and this will take to the outgrowth of other societal ailments such as poorness, and in just distribution of wealth. On this footing, the authorities needs to engage people of unity and moral character for intents of keeping senior authorities offices. Bibliography: Campbell, B. C. , Gray, P. B. , A ; Radak, J. ( 2011 ) . In the Company of Work force: Quality of Life and Social Support Among the Ariaal of Northern Kenya.Journal of Cross-Cultural Geriatrics,26( 3 ) , 221-237. Clayton, M. , A ; Williams, A. ( 2004 ) .Social justness. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.. Gifford, P. ( 2009 ) .Christianity, political relations and public life in Kenya. New York: Columbia University Press. Haustein, J. ( 2011 ) .Christianity, Politics and Public Life in Kenya.Pneuma,33( 1 ) , 134-135. Hooft, S. v. ( 2006 ) .Understanding virtuousness moralss. Chesham [ U.K. : Acumens. Hornsby, C. ( 2012 ) .Kenya a history since independency. New York: I. B. Tauris. Oppong, J. R. , A ; Oppong, E. D. ( 2004 ) .Kenya. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. Williams, L. ( 2012 ) .Kenya enchiridion( 3rd ed. ) . Bath: Footprint.

President George W. Bush Fast Facts

President George W. Bush Fast Facts George Walker Bush (1946-) served as the forty-third president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. Early in his first term on September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the Pentagon and the World Trade Center using airplanes as weapons. The rest of both of his terms in office were spent dealing with the after-effects of this. America got involved in two wars: one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq.  Here is a quick list of fast facts for George W Bush. For more in-depth information, you can also read the George W Bush Biography. Birth: July 6, 1946Term of Office: January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009Number of Terms Elected: 2 TermsFirst Lady: Laura Welch George W Bush Quote If our country does not lead the cause of freedom, it will not be led. If we do not turn the hearts of children toward knowledge and character, we will lose their gifts and undermine their idealism. If we permit our economy to drift and decline, the vulnerable will suffer most. Major Events While in Office Contested Election (2000)Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City (September 11, 2001)War in Afghanistan (2001)War in Iraq (2003)

European Political Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Political Economy - Essay Example For the purpose of research, I have used and analysed many literature reviews. The Lisbon Treaty was initially introduced to increase the coherence and the consistency of the external actions of the European Union. (The Lisbon Treaty) According to Langenhove (2008), the need for a treaty was felt after the last two enlargement processes of the EU in 2004 and 2007, whereby the member states increased from 15 to 27. The treaty consists of certain reforms that are aimed at making the European Union more democratic and efficient. The structural reforms of the EU, as Langenhove (2008) relates, consist of a new means of quantitative majority voting, a better distinction between the different competencies and an increased role for the national parliaments in the process of the co-decision when it comes to trading policies. Also it includes the idea that the European countries would be able to select their own president for the European Council. Lisbon Treaty is expected to affect the economic integration of the member states of the European Union. The external trade policy is one economic aspect that the treaty focuses on. According to Woolcock (2008) the external trade policy after the treaty would no longer be decided by mixed agreements or the individual national parliaments. Rather it would be a part of the EU’s external actions. The treaty also brings all the key aspects of the trade policy under the EU competence which means that the commission would be responsible for all the trade related policies. This power in the past was under the national parliaments. Woolcock (2008) argues that this would lead the member states to have unanimous decisions over the economic policies. The inclusion of the Foreign Direct Investment in the EU competence is also one of the major steps taken in the Lisbon Treaty which ensures that the member states will have a comprehensive approach to the trade and investment in the world

Adult Learner Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult Learner Interview - Assignment Example She feels that her formal education has come to an end, but her love of life and learning will always encourage her to be learning something. A. Well, there was a festival on my block a few months ago in the summer. Many potters were there from all over the country. I was amazed at the variety of artistic pieces that could be made using clay. Some of the most impressive works were not even pots. They were collections of tiles that had been glazed an interesting variety of colors and mounted on a wall. I just thought this was beautiful, so I decided to try it. A. There is local pottery guild in my neighborhood. The guild was established 80 years ago and is staffed by master potters. They offer classes every Tuesday and Thursday evening on a variety of pottery techniques. I have the time right now so I take two classes a week and go at least two other evening to work on projects. A. Wow. There are so many differences. First of all, I am in this class because I want to be there. I never liked elementary school because there were so many bullies and kids that were smarter than me. Here, I get to learn a new skill that I find useful. I am learning by choice, not because someone is making me. I like the fact that learning in a class like this gives me the freedom to experiment as well. That is something I was never able to do when I was younger and in school. Everything was so controlled. I even had a hard time sitting still in courses I took for my MBA four years ago. I like to learn in a way that lets me think and grow outside the box. A. I work in IT all day and the last thing I want to do is to do that more in the evening. I work in a cubicle at work with a bunch of other people that work in cubicles. When my workday is over, I am ready to learn and live outside my cubicle. I do not know what it is, but learning how to use my hands fulfills a very

Sports and Society - Examples of Each Category of Violence in Sport Assignment

Sports and Society - Examples of Each Category of Violence in Sport - Assignment Example Players can use body contact during tackling by using the upper body to push and shove opponents during a football game and this can qualify for borderline violence since it is not explicit in its nature. Using the hands to push other players when trying to control the ball. Sometimes, players will go all out and actually, assault another player defiantly qualifies as a brutal body contact. Quasi-criminal violence can come in the form of unprofessional conduct between players and can come in the form of threat, insults or other means that degrade the dignity and honour of a player, players or clubs. Criminal violence is organized violence against a player, group of players or a club where another player, players or club willfully connive to bring harm to the other in order to stop them from performing. (Hechter, 1977) 2. If we want to understand violence in sports, we must understand gender ideology and issues of masculinity in culture. How is masculinity related to violence in sports and how do issues of masculinity take on different meanings among men from different backgrounds? Give examples from the course material and from your own experiences as you discuss this issue. Sports have from time immemorial, been relegated to the domain of men. Aggression, displays of power and dominance, drivenness, and the male physic in all its powerful glory. Any sign of weakness, empathy and kindness were regarded as a sign of weakness. The Greek culture is the one that sport was birthed in and that is why it influenced many sporting worldviews. The Greeks were obsessed with power and its display in all its form for glory’s sake. The Greco-Roman culture idolized war and aggression as an expression of masculinity and this was seen in sports. Sporting events of the medieval times were gory events filled with real-life killings of wild animals and slaves who were called gladiators. The sole purposes of the gladiators were to fight and die in the arena for the sake of glory and entertainment.  Ã‚  

Shifting Trends in Special Education Essay Example for Free

Shifting Trends in Special Education Essay The Thomas B. Fordham Institute. is. the. nations. leader. in. advancing. educational. excellence. for. every. child. through. quality. research,. analysis,. and. commentary,. as. well. as. on-the-ground. action. and. advocacy. in. Ohio.. It. is. affiliated. with. the. Thomas.. B.. Fordham. Foundation,. and. this. publication. is. a.. joint. project. of. the. Foundation. and. the. Institute For. further. information,. please. visit. our. website. at. www. edexcellence. net. or. write. to. the. Institute. at.. 1016. 16th. St.. NW,. 8th. Floor,. Washington,. D. C.. 20036 The. Institute. is. neither. connected. with. nor..sponsored. by. Fordham. University. A. big. thank. you. goes. out. to. the. whole. Fordham. team. for. their. assistance. on. this. project,. especially. Michael. Petrilli. and. Chester. E.. Finn,. Jr.. for. their. project. guidance. and. astute. feedback,. to. Daniela. Fairchild. for. production. management,. to.  ©istockphoto. com/ AnithaCumming. for. the. snappy. cover. image,. and.. to. Amy. Fagan. for. dissemination.. The. smart. layout. design. is. the. work. of. Alton. Creative. and. the.. â€Å"Ed. Shorts†. logo. of. Laura. Elizabeth. Pohl. Conclusion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Appendix A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure. A1:. Proportion. of. the. National. Student.. Population. with. Disabilities,. 1976-77. to. 2009-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table. A1:. National. Number. of. Students.. with. Disabilities. by. Category,. 2000-01. to. 2009-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table. A2:. Students. with. Disabilities. by. State,.. 2000-01. to. 2009-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Appendix B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Federal. Disability. Definitions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION EXECUTIVE SUMM ARY Executive Summary Special. education. is. a. field. in. flux.. After. decades. of. steady. increases,. the. population. of. students. with. disabilities. peaked. in. 2004-05. with. 6. 72. million. youngsters,. comprising. 13. 8. percent. of. the. nation’s. student. population.. The. following. year. marked. the. first. time. since. the. enactment. of. the. Individuals. with. Disabilities. Education. Act. (IDEA). that. special-education. participation. numbers. declined—and. they. have. continued. to. do. so,. falling. to. 6. 48. million. students. by. 2009-10,. or. 13. 1. percent. of. all. students. nationwide. This. report. examines. trends. in. the. number. of. special-education. students. and. personnel. at. both. the. national. and. state. levels. from. 2000-01. to. 2009-10.. It. finds. that. the. overall. population. of. special-education. students,. after. decades. of. increases,. peaked. in. the.2004-05. school. year. and. has. declined. since.. But. within. this. population,. individual. categories. of. students. with. disabilities. differed. markedly. in. thei r. trajectories:  ». . he. population. of. students. identified. as. having. â€Å"specific. learning. disabilities,†. the. most. prevalent. of. all. T dis. bility. types,. declined. considerably. throughout. the. decade,. falling. from. 2. 86. million. to. 2. 43. million. a students,. or. from. 6. 1. to. 4. 9. percent. of. all. students. nationwide.  ». . ther. shrinking. disability. categories. included. mental. retardation,. which. dropped. from. 624,000. to. 463,000. O students,. or. from. 1. 3. to. 0. 9. percent. of. all. pupils,. and. emotional. disturbances,. which. fell. from. 480,000. to. 407,000. students,. or. from. 1. 0. to. 0. 8. percent.  ». . utism. and. â€Å"other. health. impairment†. (OHI). populations. increased. dramatically.. The. number. of. autisA tic. students. quadrupled. from. 93,000. to. 378,000,. while. OHI. numbers. more. than. doubled. from. 303,000. to. 689,000.. Even. so,. autistic. and. OHI. populations. constituted. only. 0. 8. and. 1. 4. percent,. respectively,. of. all. students. in. 2009-10. In. addition,. state-level. special-education. trends. varied. dramatically:  ».. hode. Island,. New. York,. and. Massachusetts. reported. the. highest. rates. of. disability. identification. in. 2009R 10;. Rhode. Island. was. the. only. state. with. more. than. 18. percent. of. its. student. body. receiving.. special-education. services.  ». . exas,. Idaho,. and. Colorado. reported. the. lowest. rates. of. disability. identification. in. 2009-10.. Adjusting.. T for. overall. population. size,. Texas. identified. just. half. as. many. students. with. disabilities. as. Rhode. Island:. 9. 1. percent. of. its. total. student. body. States. also. varied. in. their. special-education. personnel. practices,. so. much. so. that. the. accuracy. of. the. data. they. report. to. Washington. is. in. question.. Nationally,. schools. ostensibly. employed. 129. special-education. teachers. and. paraprofessionals. for. every. thousand. special-education. students. in. 2008-09,. up. from. 117. per. thousand. in. 2000-01.. At. the. state. level,. this. ranged. from. a. reported. 320. per. thousand. in. New. Hampshire,. to. thirty-eight. per. thousand. in. Mississippi.. (We. appreciate. the. implausibility. of. these. numbers,. which. come. from. the. only. available. official. source. ) 1 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION I NTRODUCTION  Introduction Last. summer,. New. Jersey’s. Star-Ledger. ran. a. hard-hitting. piece. about. the. condition. of. education. finance. in. the. Garden. State.. It. bemoaned. a. dismal. school-system. budget. in. which. teachers. had. been. laid. off,. extracurricular. activities. scrapped,. and. free. transportation. curtailed.. But. one. budgetary. category. had. been. spared:. special. education. â€Å"This. is. an. area. that. is. completely. out. of. control. and. in. desperate. need. of. reform,†. said. Larrie. Reynolds,. superintendent. in. the. Mount. Olive. School. District,. where. special-education. spending. rose. 17. percent.this. year.. â€Å"Everything. else. has. a. finite. limit.. Special. education—in. this. state,. at. least—is. similar. to. the. universe.. It. has. no. end.. It. is. the. untold. story. of. what. every. school. district. is. dealing. with. † 1 And. so. it. is.. Special. education. consumes. a. hefty. slice. of. the. education. pie,. comprising. an. estimated. 21. percent. of. all. education. spending. in. 2005.. That. slice. is. growing,. too.. Forty-one. percent. of. all. increases. in. education. spending. between. 1996. and. 2005. went. to. fund. it. 2 As. Superintendent. Reynolds. indicated,. special. education. is. a. field.in. urgent. need. of. reform.. Not. only. is. its. funding. widely. seen. as. sacrosanct—due. to. federal. â€Å"maintenance. of. effort†. requirements,. strong. special-education. lobbies,. nervous. superintendents,. entrenched. traditions,. and. inertia,. as. well. as. a. collective. sense. that. we. should. do. right. by. these. kids—but. America’s. approach. to. it. is. also. antiquated.. Despite. good. intentions. and. some. reform. efforts,. the. field. is. still. beset. by. a. compliance-oriented. mindset. that. values. process. over. outcomes.. Thirty-six. years. after. Congress. passed. the. Education. for. All. Handicapped. Chil dren. Act. (now. the. Individuals. with. Disabilities. Education. Act. or. IDEA),. the. rigidities. and. shortcomings. of. yesterday’s. approach. have. become. overwhelming,. as. have. the. dollar. costs.. There. has. to. be. a. better. way. We. at. the. Thomas. B.. Fordham. Institute. seek. to. help. chart. a. different. path,. doing. right. by. children. with. special. needs. while. recognizing. both. that. every. youngster. is. special. in. some. way. and. that. the. taxpayer’s. pocket. is. not. bottomless.. This. is. the. first. of. several. special-education. eye. openers. that. we’re. undertaking. 3. Ten. years. ago,.we. dipped. our. toes. into. the. turbid. waters. of. special-education. policy. via. a. set. of. thought-provoking. papers. in. a. volume. titled. Rethinking Special Education for a New Century. 4. The. fundamental. shift. from. compliance. to. outcomes. that. we. advocated. in. that. volume. has,. for. the. most. part,. not. come. to. pass. (though. we. may. see. a. glimmer. of. hope. in. the. implementation. of. Response. to. Intervention. [RTI]. programs).. Still,. someday—probably. after. the. delayed. reauthorization. of. the. Elementary. and. Secondary. Education. Act—Congress. will. again. take. up. IDEA.. Methodologypecial-education. student-population. data. (referred. to. in. federal. reporting. requirements. as. â€Å"child. count†). and. personnel. data. were. drawn. from. the. Data. Accountability. Center,. funded. by. the. Office. of. Special. Education. Programs. in. the. U. S.. Department. of. Education. and. located. at. ideadata. org. 5. Child-count. totals. are. reported. each. year. by. states. and. include. all. children. ages. three. to. twenty-one. identified. with. disabilities. 6. Thus,. the. term. â€Å"students. with. disabilities†. in. this. report. refers. to. the. number. of. students. that. the. education. system. recognizes.as. having. disabilities.. Variation. among. the. states’. disability. incidence. rates. almost. surely. has. more. to. S do. with. how. a. state. defines. and. identifies. special-needs. students. (i. e. ,. whether. a. state. over-. or. under-identifies. disabilities). than. with. the. true. population. of. disabled. children. in. that. state. . To. calculate. each. state’s. disability. incidence. rate,. child-count. numbers. were. divided. by. total. state. enrollment. figures. 7. State. enrollment. data. were. drawn. from. the. Digest of Education Statistics.. Total. student. enrollment. data. for. the. 2009-10. school. year.had. not. been. released. as. of. publication;. thus. 2009-10. figures. are. based. on. projections. published. in. the. Digest. 2 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION I NTRODUCTION It’s. our. hope. that. the. next. iteration. of. that. law. will. benefit. from. fresh. thinking. amid. changed. realities. But. that. day. has. not. yet. dawned.. And. before. we. can. seriously. re-imagine. the. field. of. special. education. and. how. it. should. be. funded,. we. need. a. basic. understanding. of. the. state. of. special. education. today—and. how. it’s. changed. over. the. past. decade.. Many. are. aware,. for. instance,.that. the. number. of. students. who. received. specialeducation. services. rose. steadily. between. IDEA’s. enactment. in. 1975. and. the. turn. of. the. century.. But. is. this. population. still. growing?. Are. particular. types. of. disabilities. responsible. for. overall. trends?. What. types. of. personnel. do. schools. employ. to. teach. these. students?. Accurate. descriptive. data. on. questions. like. these. are. a. scarce. commodity. (more. on. that. later),. but. we. desperately. need. them. if. we’re. to. wrestle. with. the. more. complex. questions. that. vex. the. field,. such. as:. Have. rising. numbers. of.special-education. students. driven. up. costs?. Which. states. are. spending. more. and. which. are. spending. less. per. special-education. student. than. others?. Are. states. correctly. identifying. students. and. providing. them. with. appropriate. services?. What. types .of. interventions. are. most. effective. with. special-needs. children? This. report. sets. forth. the. number. of. children. identified. with. disabilities. in. our. nation’s. schools. by. disability. type,. nationally. and. by. state,. examining. how. those. patterns. have. changed. over. the. past. decade.. It. also. addresses:  ». Which. states. have. the.largest. and. smallest. proportions. of. children. judged. to. have. disabilities;  ». The. extent. to. which. the. numbers. of. students. with. specific. learning. disabilities. have. changed. over. the. last. ten. years;. and  ». The. number. of. special-education. personnel. employed. nationally. and. how. this. varies. by. state. We. also. dig. into. a. couple. of. outliers—Massachusetts. and. Texas—and. attempt. to. explain. why. their. data. look. like. they. do.. We. close. with. a. few. takeaways. and. next. steps.. 3 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS Findings Students with Disabilities across America. After. decades. of. steady. increases,. the. population. of. students. with. disabilities. peaked. in. 2004-05. with. 6. 72. million. youngsters,. comprising. 13. 8. percent. of. the. national. student. body. (see. Figure. 1).. The. following. year. marked. the. first. time. since. the. enactment. of. IDEA. in. 1975. that. special-education. participation. numbers. declined.. (For. a. long-term. trend. analysis. of. the. special-education. population,. see. Appendix. A. ). Since. then,. the. number. and. proportion. of. students. with. disabilities. has. decreased. steadily,. falling. to. 13. 1. percent. of. the. national. student.body. by. 2009-10,. or. 6. 48. million. students.. 1 13. 8 13. 6 13. 4 13. 2 13. 0 Proportion of the National Student Population with Disabilities, 2000-01 to 2009-10 This. national. trend. is. driven. by. shifting. populations. of. particular. disability. types.. The. federal. government. requires. all. states. to. report. studentpopulation. numbers. across. twelve. categories. of. disability. (the. reporting. of. a. thirteenth,. termed. â€Å"developmental. delay,†. is. optional):. autism;. deafblindness;. emotional. disturbance;. hearing. impairments;. mental. retardation;. multiple. disabilities;. orthopedic. impairments;. other.health. impairments;. specific. learning. disabilities;. speech. or. language. impairments;. traumatic. brain. injuries;. and. visual. impairments.. (For. the. full. federal. definition. of. each. category,. see. Appendix. B. ). 1 2 4 6 7 3 5 8 9. Much. of. the. recent. decrease. in. the. overall. specialeducation. population. can. be. attributed. to. the. shrinking. population. of. students. identified. with. specific. learning. disabilities. (SLDs).. After. decades. of. growth,. the. proportion. of. students. with. SLDs. peaked. in. 2000-01. and. declined. thereafter,. falling. from. 2. 86. million. to. 2. 43. million. students.between. 2000-01. and. 2009-10,. or. from. 6. 1. to. 4. 9. percent. of. the. national. student. body. 8. -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 07 -0 -0 -0 00 -0 04 02 06 03 05. Other. disability. categories. declined. as. well.. The. population. of. students. with. mental. retardation. dropped. from. A Caveat on Disability Types T he. federal. government. requires. states. to. report. child-count. numbers. across. twelve. disability. categories. each. year. (a. thirteenth. category. is. optional),. but. does. not. require. that. states. actually. use. those. categories. for. their. own. within-state. identification. and. data-collection. purposes.. Thus,.state-specific. nuances. in. disability. definitions. abound.. For. example,. many. states. employ. their. own. unique. definitions. for. each. of. the. thirteen. categories. and/or. combine. and. eliminate. categories.. At. least. one. state. goes. so. far. as. to. identify. no. individual. categories,. opting. instead. for. a. single. â€Å"eligible. individual†. classification. for. students. with. disabilities. (see. Iowa’s SLD Trend: True or False? ).. To. meet. federal. reporting. requirements,. these. states. must. estimate. the. number. of. students. with. disabilities. within. each. federal. category.. And. in. some. cases,.federal. reporting. requirements. allow. states. to. report. one. category. within. another—for. example,. seven. states. report. students. with. multiple. disabilities. in. their. primary-disability. categories. rather. than. in. the. â€Å"multiple. disabilities†. 08 09 01 -10 category.. The. lack. of. consistency. in. defining. and. reporting. data. across. all. fifty. states. renders. any. state-level. comparison. of. students. with. disabilities. inherently. imprecise. . Take,. for. example,. recent. categorization. changes. in. Ohio.. Prior. to. 2007-08,. preschoolers. (three-. to. five-yearolds). with. disabilities. in. the. Buckeye. State. were. lumped. together. in. a. single. disability. category.. In. that. year,. however,. Ohio. first. required. preschoolers. to. be. sorted. into. distinct. categories.. To. ease. the. transition,. districts. classified. all. existing. preschoolers. with. disabilities. as. having. developmental. delays;. thereafter,. all. new. preschoolers. with. disabilities. were. to. be. categorized. by. disability.. As. could. be. expected,. the. number. of. students. with. developmental. delays. reported. to. the. federal. government. suddenly. grew. from. 0. to. 19,000. in. 2007-08,. and. then. fell. by. half. in. 2008-09.and. again. slightly. in. 2009-10. 9. Such. inconsistencies—this. is. just. one. example. of. myriad. state. eccentricities. and. idiosyncrasies—confuse. trend. analyses. at. both. the. state. and. national. level. 4 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS 624,000. to. 463,000. in. that. time,. or. from. 1. 3. percent. to. 0. 9. percent. of. all. students.. The. number. identified. with. emotional. disturbances. fell. from. near. 480,000. in. 2000-01. to. 407,000. by. 2009-10. (after. peaking. at. 489,000. students. in. 2003-04),. or. from. 1. 0. to. 0. 8. percent. of. all. students.. Offsetting. a. portion. of.the. decline. in. these. disability. categories. were. sharp. increases. in. the. populations. of. students. with. autism. and. other. health. impairm ents. (OHIs). over. the. last. decade.. The. number. of. autistic. students. quadrupled. between. 2000-01. and. 2009-10,. rising. from. 93,000. to. 378,000,. while. the. number. of. OHI. students. more. than. doubled. from. 303,000. to. 689,000.. Still,. the. autistic. and. OHI. populations. constituted. only. 0. 8. and. 1. 4. percent,. respectively,. of. all. students. in. 2009-10. The. category. of. developmental. delay,. which. often. serves. as. a. general. disability. category.for. young. students. (typically. ages. three. to. five. or. three. to. nine),. grew. as. well,. from. 213,000. students. in. 2000-01. to. 368,000. in. 2009-10,. or. from. 0. 5. to. 0. 7. percent. of. all. students. The. incidence. of. other. disability. types. (which,. other. than. speech. or. language. impairments,. comprise. a. small. fraction. of. the. total). either. remained. stable. or. declined. slightly. during. this. time.. Figure. 2. shows. in. â€Å"pie. chart†. form. how. the. composition. of. the. special-education. population. has. changed. over. the. past. decade.. While. SLD. students. constituted. 45. 4. percent. of.all. students. with. disabilities. in. 2000-01,. that. percentage. had. shrunk. to. 37. 5. percent. by. 2009-10.. Autism,. on. the. other. hand,. increased. from. 1. 5. percent. of. all. identified. disabilities. to. 5. 8. percent.. OHI. identifications. doubled. from. 4. 8. to. 10. 6. percent,. while. cases. of. both. emotional. disturbance. and. mental. retardation. decreased. relative. to. other. identifications. 2 Special-Education Population by Disability 2000-01 and 2009-10 3. 4% 1. 5% 4. 8% 5. 3% 7. 6% 9. 9% 5. 1% 5. 8% 21. 8% 5. 7% 10. 6% 6. 3% 37. 5% 7. 1% 22. 0% 45. 4% n = 6. 30 million students ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. 5% 3.4% 4. 8% 7. 6% 9. 9% 45. 4% 22. 0% 5. 3% Autism Developmental Delay Other Health Impairment Emotional Disturbance Mental Retardation Specific Learning Disability Speech or Language Impairment Other Disabilities ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2000-01 n = 6. 48 million students 5. 8% 5. 7% 10. 6% 6. 3% 7. 1% 37. 5% 21. 8% 5. 1% Autism Developmental Delay Other Health Impairment Emotional Disturbance Mental Retardation Specific Learning Disability Speech or Language Impairment Other Disabilities 2009-10 Note:. The. special-education. population. in. 2009-10. was. slightly. larger. in. raw. numbers. than. it. was. in. 2000-01,. but. the. proportion.of. students. with. disabilities. among. all. students. declined. from. 13. 3. percent. in. 2000-01. to. 13. 1. percent. in. 2009-10.. 5 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS Students with Disabilities by State The. national. figures. mask. stark. variation. among. the. states.. As. Figure. 3. shows,. Rhode. Island,. New. York,. and. Massachusetts. topped. the. list. with. the. highest. rates. of. disability. identification. in. 2009-10;. Rhode. Island. was. the. only. state. to. have. more. than. 18. percent. of. its. student. body. enrolled. in. special. education.. At. the. other. end. of. the. spectrum. were. Texas,. Idaho,. and. Colorado.. Texas’s. rate. of. disability. identification. was. less. than. half. of. Rhode. Island’s,. at. just. 9. 1. percent. (see. Figure. 4. for. complete. state. identification. rates).. These. vast. disparities. call. into. question. the. extent. to. which. true. incidences. of. disability. vary. among. state. populations,. or. to. which. some. states. over-identify. or. under-identify. students. with. disabilities. 10 3 Identification Rates of Students with Disabilities, by State 2009-10 WA MT OR ID WY NE NV CA UT CO KS IA IL MO TN AR MS TX LA FL AL GA SC IN OH WV KY NC AZ NM OK VA SD ND MN WI NY MI PA. VT ME NH MA RI CT NJ DE MD D. C. ? 9. 0? –? 10. 99% ? 11. 0? –? 12. 99% ? 13. 0? –? 14. 99% ? 15. 0? –? 16. 99% ? 17. 0? –? 18. 99% AK US AVERAGE HI About. half. of. the. states. saw. increases. in. their. rates. of. special-education. identification. between. 2000-01. and. 2009-10,. while. the. other. half. saw. decreases. (see. Figure. 5).. The. national. proportion. of. students. with. disabilities. rose. and. fell. over. that. time. period,. landing. 0. 2. percentage. points. lower. in. 2009-10. (at. 13. 1. percent). than. in. 2000-01. (at. 13. 3. percent).. Texas’s. rate. of. identification. fell. from. 12. 1. percent. to. 9. 1. percent—in. raw. numbers,. a. decrease. of. about. 47,000. students.. Pennsylvania,. on. the. other. hand,. saw. an. increase. in. students. with. disabilities. from. 13. 4. percent. of. the. student. body. in. 2000-01. to. 16. 7. percent. in. 2009-10—or,. in. raw. numbers,. an. increase. of. 52,000. students. 6 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS 4 Identification Rate of Students with Disabilities, by State 2009-10 18. 68 17. 80 17. 36 17. 25 17. 16 Massachusetts Maine Rhode Island New York 5 Percentage-point Change in Identification Rate, by State 2000-01 to 2009-10 3. 29 2. 39 2. 05 1. 80 1. 80 1.76 1. 35 1. 16 1. 14 1. 12 1. 72 2. 53. Pennsylvania Wyoming Vermont West Virginia Vermont Pennsylvania Indiana New Jersey Wyoming New York Minnesota Ohio 16. 66 16. 84 16. 55 16. 52 15. 60 15. 55 15. 57 15. 74 South Dakota North Dakota Kentucky New Hampshire Delaware Kentucky Illinois New Hampshire Michigan Massachusetts Nebraska South Dakota Oklahoma Wisconsin Missouri Ohio 14. 80 14. 75 14. 71 14. 97 15. 04 Oklahoma Indiana Alaska Delaware Kansas 0. 99 0. 98 0. 71 0. 71 1. 10 Minnesota 14. 66 Mississippi Washington Oregon Illinois D. C. 14. 64 14. 34 14. 15 14. 58 0. 46 0. 52 Wisconsin Arizona Utah 0. 39 0. 38 0. 14 0. 42. North Dakota Oregon Kansas 14. 26 14. 12 Nebraska California New Jersey Maine 0. 09 0. 08 0. 03 0. 07 South Carolina Michigan Alaska Iowa Florida 14. 09 14. 06 13. 98 13. 79 13. 55 13. 14 13. 99 13. 94 United States -0. 04 -0. 26 -0. 28 -0. 53 -0. 61 -0. 61 -0. 20 New Mexico Arkansas Virginia Montana Nevada Arkansas Colorado United States Mississippi Louisiana 13. 42 13. 03 12. 53 12. 30 12. 25 11. 94 11. 28 11. 28 11. 13 11. 17 12. 21 12. 41 12. 57 Maryland Missouri Virginia Iowa Louisiana -0. 60 Washington Connecticut Tennessee Maryland -0. 70 -0. 74 -0. 85 -0. 85 -1. 03 -1. 03 -1. 43 -1. 43 -1. 54 -1. 72 -1. 41 -0. 75 -0. 72 D. C. North Carolina Hawaii Utah Montana West Virginia Georgia Florida Rhode Island Connecticut Alabama Arizona Nevada California 10. 67 Colorado Georgia 10. 45 10. 27 9. 89 9. 13 10. 58 South Carolina Hawaii Idaho North Carolina Tennessee Idaho Texas 0 5 10 15 20 New Mexico Texas Alabama -2. 32 -2. 98 -3. 5 -1. 75 0 1. 75 3. 5 -2. 52 -2. 01 DISABILITY IDENTIFICATION RATE (%). PERCENTAGE-POINT CHANGE IN IDENTIFICATION RATE 7 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS Specific Learning Disabilities As. the. most. prevalent. of. all. disability. types,. the. category. of. specific. learning. disabilities. (SLDs). provides.a. unique. look. into. shifting. disability. populations.. The. nationwide. population. of. students. with. specific. learning. disabilities. shrank. at. a. notable. rate. over. the. decade. leading. to. 2009-10:. SLD. numbers. fell. from. 2. 86. million. students. and. 6. 1. percent. of. the. national. student. body. in. 2000-01. to. 2. 43. million. students. and. 4. 9. percent. of. the. student. body. in. 2009-10. 11. Some. of. this. drop. was. likely. due. to. an. increasing. national. awareness. of. autism. and. a. subsequent. shift. from. incorrect. SLD. identification. to. autism. identification.. A. few. other. hypotheses.are. worth. mentioning.. First,. growing. populations. of. students. with. developmental. delays,. which. may. in. some. states. substitute. for. autism. diagnoses. of. three-. to. five-year-olds,. and. with. OHIs,. which. has. become. somewhat. of. a. â€Å"catch. all†. category,. may. be. responsible. for. some. of. the. SLD. decrease,. in. addition. to. growth. in. autism.. Second,. SLD. numbers. may. have. dropped. due. to. the. proliferation. of. Response. to. Intervention. (RTI)—a. method. of. providing. targeted. assistance. to. young. children. who. have. difficulty. learning—and. other. early-reading. interventions. (see. Response to Intervention).. Lastly,. the. identification. of. SLDs,. though. strictly. outlined. in. policy,. appears. more. subjective. and. prone. to. human. error. than. the. identification. of. most. other. disabilities;. thus,. SLD. identification. is. perhaps. more. affected. by. related. changes. in. policy,. budget,. personnel,. etc. Rates. of. SLD. identification. varied. across. the. fifty. states. in. 2009-10.. As. shown. in. Figure. 6,. just. 2. percent. of. the. student. body. in. Kentucky. was. labeled. SLD. in. 2009-10,. while. over. 8. 4. percent. o f. Iowa’s. student. body. was. classified. as. such.. Similarly,. in.2009-10,. Kentucky’s. SLD. students. comprised. only. 13. 1. percent. of. the. state’s. entire. special-education. student. body,. while. in. Iowa. they. accounted. for. 60. 4. percent.. Across. the. entire. United. States,. SLD. students. comprised. 4. 9. percent. of. all. students. and. 37. 5. percent. of. all. students. with. disabilities. in. 2009-10.. Massachusetts. saw. the. greatest. percentage-point. decrease. in. its. SLD. population. between. 2000-01. and. 200910.. There,. SLD. students. fell. from. 9. 8. to. 5. 9. percent. of. all. students. during. that. time.. As. a. slice. of. the. specialeducation. pie,. in. fact,. Massachusetts’s. SLD. students. went. from. 58. 7. percent. of. all. special-education. students. to. just. 33. 3. percent.. Despite. this. declining. proportion,. however,. Massachusetts. still. identifies. the. second. overall. highest. rate. of. disability. in. the. nation. (see. Behind the Numbers in Outlier States. on. page. 13). Response to Intervention esponse. to. Intervention. (RTI). is. a. method. of. providing. targeted. and. increasingly. intensive. assistance. to. young. children. who. have. difficulty. learning.. RTI. began. to. gain. ground. with. the. enactment. of. the. No. Child. Left. Behind. Act. (NCLB). in. 2001,. which. provided. schools. with. Reading. First. grants. to. introduce. it. and. other. early-reading. strategies. into. general. education.. But. the. program. spread. more. rapidly. in. the. aftermath. of. the. 2004. reauthorization. of. IDEA,. which. allowed. districts. to. spend. 15. percent. of. the. law’s. Part. B. funds. on. RTI. and. other. early-intervening. services,. and. to. use. RTI. as. one. part. of. a. comprehensive. evaluation. process. for. identifying. students. with. SLDs.. In. 2007,. just. 24. percent. of. R districts. reported. that. they. had. implemented. or. were. in. the. process. of. implementing. RTI;. by. 2010,. this. had. risen. to. 61. percent. of. districts. 12 . Indeed,. SLD. may. be. the. disability. population. most. affected. by. early. interventions. like. RTI,. because. such. interventions. can. help. prevent. the. misidentification. and. mislabeling. of. struggling. students—who. may. simply. learn. better. with. enhanced,. tailored. instruction—as. students. with. SLDs.. At. the. same. time,. modifications. in. pedagogical. approach. and. lesson. planning. can. help. to. offset. the. challenges. faced. by. those. students. with. true. but. mild. SLDs.. 8 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS 6. SLD as a Proportion of All Students and All Students with Disabilities, by State 2009-10 ALL STUDENTS Iowa 8. 42 7. 63 7. 41 STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES Nevada Iowa 60. 37 47. 47 45. 06 42. 92 42. 78 42. 73 42. 11 42. 74 44. 25 45. 81 48. 11 Pennsylvania Rhode Island New Jersey Delaware Oklahoma New York 6. 43 6. 29 6. 17 6. 85 Pennsylvania Alabama Arizona Delaware Iowa’s SLD Trend: True or False? New Hampshire South Carolina D. C. 6. 05 5. 99 5. 96 5. 92 5. 85 5. 73 5. 95 5. 97 South Carolina Oklahoma California Texas Utah I Florida Massachusetts Illinois Florida 42. 40 42. 09 41. 87 41. 21 Alaska Ohio Hawaii Montana Alaska D. C. New Mexico South Dakota Alabama Nevada Indiana 5. 48 5. 36 5. 13 5. 11 New Mexico New Hampshire United States New Jersey Ohio Illinois 40. 92 38. 88 38. 46 38. 16 37. 51 38. 87 39. 76 Michigan Montana 5. 03 5. 03 4. 97 5. 01 5. 05 Wyoming United States Arizona Oregon Utah Kansas Maine Rhode Island Tennessee New York Colorado 36. 68 Nebraska Hawaii 4. 89 4. 92 4. 93 4. 95 36. 43 36. 28 35. 53 36. 11 Michigan Washington 4. 82 4. 82 4. 75 Virginia South Dakota Oregon Kansas 34. 94 34. 53 33. 25 32. 06 31. 93 31. 36 31. 51 33. 16 34. 15 34. 57 35. 07 35. 22 West Virginia Vermont Virginia 4. 69 4. 59 4. 61 Massachusetts North Carolina Indiana. North Dakota Washington Wisconsin Missouri Tennessee California 4. 50 4. 38 4. 11 4. 47 4. 52 4. 31 North Dakota Mississippi Wisconsin Arkansas Vermont Georgia Maine Idaho Connecticut Maryland Nebraska North Carolina Connecticut Mississippi Maryland Arkansas 4. 08 4. 00 3. 99 3. 85 3. 70 3. 74 3. 87 4. 04 29. 99 29. 94 29. 36 29. 02 29. 15 29. 81 30. 63 Minnesota Colorado Texas Wyoming Louisiana Georgia Idaho 3. 60 3. 07 2. 97. West Virginia Minnesota Kentucky Louisiana Missouri 28. 69 28. 66 27. 86 13. 10 28. 94 owa. was. a. notable. exception. to. the. general. SLD. trend,. as. one. of. only. four. states. that. reported. an.increase. in. its. proportion. of. SLD. students. from. 2000-01. to. 2009-10.. The. Hawkeye. State. illustrates. the. extent. to. which. data. reporting—rather. than. actual. shifts. in. disability. incidence—may. affect. the. numbers. reported. to. the. public.. . At. 8. 4. percent,. Iowa. had. the. highest. rate. of. SLD. in. the. nation. for. 2009-10.. However,. the. state. does. not. assign. particular. disability. categories. to. its. specialeducation. students;. instead,. it. uses. a. single. â€Å"eligible. individual†. designation. for. all. students. with. disabilities.. To. meet. federal. disability. reporting. requirements,.which. call. for. population. counts. disaggregated. by. disability. category,. Iowa. examines. a. random. sample. of. Individualized. Education. Programs. (IEPs). each. year.. Reviewers. decide,. based. on. the. services. described. therein,. which. type. of. disability. is. likely. being. served. 13. Thus. Iowa’s. high. rate. of. SLD. relative. to. other. states. may. result. from. judgment. errors. made. by. IEP. reviewers,. who. examine. student. services. rather. than. symptoms.. Further. inaccuracy. could. arise. from. outdated. expectations. that. SLD. students. should. comprise. a. large. proportion. of. all. students.with. disabilities:. Beyond. Iowa’s. high. SLD. rate,. the. state. also. reports. low. rates. of. autism. and. OHI,. and. each. of. these. rates. has. remained. relatively. stable. in. the. state. over. the. last. decade.. Given. that. national. SLD. numbers. have. been. dropping. considerably,. while. autism. and. OHI. numbers. are. rising. quickly,. Iowa’s. incidence. rates. may. simply. be. based. on. old. assumptions. Kentucky 0 2 4 6 8 10 2. 04 25. 25 0 20 40 60 80 SLD IDENTIFICATION RATE (%) SLD IDENTIFICATION RATE (%) 9 SH I FTI NG TREN DS I N SPECIAL EDUCATION FI N DI NGS Personnel As. special-education. numbers. have.increased. over. the. last. few. decades,. only. recently. declining. for. the. first. time,. the. cost. of. educating. these. students. has. continued. to. increase. at. a. fast. rate. 14. Because. 85. percent. of. special-education. spending. supports. personnel,. special-education. staff. is. obviously. the. main. source. of. swelling. expenditures. 15 Schools. employ. a. diverse. range. of. professionals. to. teach,. support,. and. assist. their. students. with. disabilities.. In. addition. to. special-education. teachers. and. paraprofessionals—employees. who. might. provide. one-on-one. tutoring,. assist. with. classroom.  management,. conduct. parental-involvement. activities,. or. provide. instructional. support. under. the. supervision. of. a. teacher—a. school. might. retain. a. number. of. more. specialized. professionals. such. as. Audiologists,. speech. and. language. pathologists,. psychologists,. occupational. therapists,. physical. therapists,. social. workers,. and. more. 16. Because. shifts. in. these. populations. are. difficult. to. trace. over. time. (mostly. due. to. changes. in. federal. reporting. requirements),. this. analysis. focuses. on. teachers. and. paraprofessionals,. which. together. constitute. over. 80. percent. of. all.  special-education. personnel. 17 The. ratio. of. teachers. to. students. fluctuated. over. the. last. decade,. reaching. its. peak. in. 2005-06. and. declining. quickly. thereafter. (see. Figure. 7).. Public. schools. employed. sixty-five. special-education. teachers. per. thousand. special-education. students. in. 2000-01—or. 412,000. teachers. overall;. that. ratio. rose. to. seventy. per. thousand. in. 2005-06,. and. then. fell. to. sixty-three. per. thousand—or. 405,000. teachers. overall—by. 2008-09.. (Personnel. data. were. not. available. for. 2009-10. as. of. publication. ) In. contrast,. the. number. of. special-educati.