Meeting the patient’s spiritual needs

Rebecca Brown is a 35 year old mother with a gynecological cancer and currently undergoing treatment for a year now. However, her medical condition is not improving and causing alarm to her physicians and family. She is now at the end-of-life care by nurses and doctors in a hospital. In addressing her special needs, the hospital placed Rebecca under Hospice Care. Hospice care treats the person rather than the disease; it highlights quality rather than length of life. It provides family-centered care involving the patient and family in making decisions. (ACS, 2007,  ¶2). It is a philosophy that enables patients to spend their remaining days with dignity surrounded by their loved ones. Hospice treatment creates an environment where the patient is listened to and that the people around him are ready to share his concerns. One of the elements of this innovative medication is spiritual care. Evidence shows that patient facing serious illness would shift attention from biomedical to spiritual sources for answer and comfort. At this stage, they would ask spiritual questions and reflect the meaning of life. Dying patients generally voiced out their fear of uncontrolled pain, concern of being a financial burden to the family, anxiety of what happens after death, and worry of not being able to fix some unfinished business. Realizing all these necessities, hospitals are now integrating spiritual care services for early intervention. Spiritual Care Spiritual Care tries to answer a patient’s quest for the meaning and purpose of life, his feelings of isolation, and his interconnectedness with himself, to others and to God. It fulfills specific needs of the patient to give him strength when facing death and uncertainties. In meeting the spiritual needs of Mrs. Brown, we have shown her compassion by being attentive to her fears, hopes, pain, and dreams. We treated her as a whole person including her physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions. Providing spiritual care can help Mrs. Brown cope up with her inabilities and feel close to God giving her optimism. With this support, Mrs. Brown can make sense out of her illness, acknowledge that death is near, and maintain a positive outlook. More often we grant her wish for a priest who is readily available to help in counseling and answering spiritual questions. We maintain our trustworthiness and kindness with Mrs. Brown at the same time give her inspirations by helping her understand what it means to live. We have enriched our knowledge with the Catholic faith to comprehend her spiritual needs. As a result, we have permitted Mrs. Brown to visit the chapel inside the hospital whenever she wants to, let her friends and loved ones pray with her inside her room, and attend Sunday masses where she can receive communion. In addition, she reads the Bible before sleeping at night; write her spiritual journal, and at times request for religious movies. We continue to care for her even though there is no more curative therapy available. Spiritual Assessment Spiritual assessment is essential so that medical staff may understand the religious practices of patients and be able to respect their beliefs and not impose their own religion. In this way, physicians can formulate proper strategies to enhance positive response from the patients during diagnosis and treatment. In assessing Mrs. Brown, we simply asked her a series of open-ended questions relating to her Catholic faith and the practices or rituals that are important to her. Our informal interview would revolve around the topics like death and the afterlife, her prayer life (what does she pray for), does her faith give her hope, does she feel abandoned by God, does she find comfort in her belief amidst her illness, the need to be forgiven, was she a member of religious organization within the community, what gives meaning and purpose to her life, and her personal beliefs. The information we gathered helped us determine the kind of spiritual care service we would give her. Results and Benefits. In its 1996 meeting, 90% of the American Academy of Family Physicians declared that the spiritual beliefs of patients are helpful in their medical treatment. Several studies and surveys have already shown the many benefits of spirituality in healing. The National Institute for Healthcare Research reported that those who regularly attend religious activities live longer. According to the 1998 Research in Spirituality and Health Coping, prayer is the number one non-drug method in managing pain. These findings can now be seen in Mrs. Brown’s case. After giving her spiritual care, Mrs. Brown showed signs of reduced anxiety, depression, and distress. She does not feel lonely anymore as she is constantly surrounded by her family and caring nurses. She adjusted well to follow-up treatment of her cancer and has now the confidence of enjoying life. In addition, she somehow improved her physical condition exhibiting high levels of self-respect and less worries about her health. She also demonstrated stronger coping mechanisms and personal values giving her quality of life that she now enjoys. After going through all sorts of counseling, Mrs. Brown is now capable of forgiving and be forgiven. This feeling, she said, resolved all her guilt and restored her good relationships with those she had disagreements in the past. Because of her faith, Mrs. Brown is now ready to face her final day and is very much prepared to the uncertainties she may encounter. She has already accepted her fate wherever it may lead her to. Her seven children and loving husband are likewise prepared for the event that they may not see her again. Her love grew stronger each passing day and felt the presence of God in her bedside. Despite in the worst situation, she feels good about herself. Reference (ACS) American Cancer Society, Inc. (2007). What Is Hospice Care? Making Treatment Decisions. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_2_5X_What_Is_Hospice_Care.asp?sitearea=ETO Gilbert, R. B. (2001). Health Care & Spirituality: Listening, Assessing, Caring (Death, Value and Meaning). Baywood Publishing Company, New York. ISBN-10: 0895032503 University of Virginia. (2006). The Benefits of Spiritual Care Provided by Professional Chaplains. Health System. Chaplaincy Services and Pastoral Education. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/chaplaincy/whitepapersection4.pdf            

Broken family Essay

THESIS From the suggestion of one researcher that broken homes equal broken people, and that broken people break others. Although this particular article focuses on the idea that boys without authoritative role models are well placed to get caught in the Sturm und Drang of adolescence, it seems the issues these children develop can be teased to a more widespread problem; perhaps it is a perceived brokenness of the normal familial network that creates the sense of injustice and turmoil that fuels the actions of these children. Perhaps it is the social expectation of an American Dream-styled belief that two parents, a healthy marriage and two children, who go to college, plus some sort of pet is what one should receive whilst growing up, despite that this is not only a difficult balance of relationships to maintain but not the ‘norm’ for most people in America. This sense that one has been ‘left out’ or done out of what they believe that everyone else normally receives perpetuates a sense of injustice that often translates into violence within society. Broken Family can be describing as a broken home, this is where a child doesn’t have a both parent at home. The husband and wife are legally separated. Sometimes death of one member of the family can lead to broken family. Or else broken family is incomplete. However, no matter how ideal a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. Broken family varies from numerous reasons why it had to be that way. Misunderstanding starts from simple domestic quarrel that grows impertinently damaging the long-forged relationship between the family members. The most common dispute between a husband and a wife is the financial issue. There are difference between a complete and a broken family. Complete family can looked at their child properly than a broken family can. Most of the Teenagers who belongs to a broken family did not graduate. They even suffer emotional stress and depression which usually leads to suicide. While those teenagers who belong to a complete family graduated with even honours. But there are some products of broken family who were successful because their experiences inspire them to make a better family someday unlike the family they have. Members of a complete family are also capable of handling problems than a member from a broken one but they are both acceptable in the society. In today’s society broken family is a major problem that should be given enough attention. The behaviour of family setup affects the social, economic and political aspects of a country. It should always be remembered to keep the family away from the thoughts of separation. One in three children life with a single-parent or with step mom or dad, researchers found that there are 3.8million children, the great majority of them in single-parent families. 30 per cent of the country’s children and their numbers are up by nearly a fifth over the past decade, according to a study by the Office for National Statistics published last June 2010. According also to the ONS analysis of data from its monthly Labour Force Survey of 60,000 households, 3.8million children live with only one of their biological parents because they have a lone mother or their father or mother has left home. And there are 2.7million who live with a single mother and 200,000 with a lone father. A further 500,000 are in cohabiting step-families, and 400,000 in married step-families. Single people and cohabiting couples will significantly outnumber the married by the 2030s, the ONS said. Already the proportion of people who are husbands or wives has fallen below half the adult population to 49 per cent. By 2033 that will become 42 per cent, according to projections on marriage. Numbers of cohabiting couples will rise from 2.3million to 3.8million, the ONS said. There are causes why there are broken families or broken homes, around the world. Some of this are maybe because of the Wrong choice in marriage, Disagreement is the only language they understand.. In this kind of situation, hatred, unfaithfulness, fighting, anger, suspicion, cheating  becomes the order of the day and break-up is the end result. And it may be also because of the Parental or friends influence, because broken homes today are caused by undue influences and interference of parents, friends and relations in the private affairs of the family. Time consuming jobs is not good for the family, most of the parents, when a man or woman stays too long at work, the other partner will start feeling lonely, neglected, abandoned and sometimes frustrated. Striking a balance will be a good idea. There are Theories that is based on our topic, about being in a Broken Family. The Psychoanalytic theories emphasized the importance of relationship and attachments between children and their parents. This theory tells the three major personality mechanisms which is as follows: The id, ego, and the super ego. One of the major personality mechanisms is the Id. It was contained by the instinctual, unconscious desire and especially sexual and aggressive which a child was born. It was governed by the pleasure principle, seeking to achieve pleasure and to avoid pain. While the Ego was the seat of consciousness, it was developed out of the id about the age of three. It was tried to achieve the desires of the id while taking account of the reality of social convention and could delay immediate gratifications of long-term goals. Children can develop a strong ego if they had a loving and strong relationship with their parents. And the Superego is developed out of the ego at the age of five, it’s also contained two functions, the first one is the conscience and the other one is the ego-ideal. Based on Wikipedia, Conscience is a judgement that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. But in the personality mechanisms Conscience is acted to inhibit instinctual desires that violated social rules. There’s also a formation depending on parental punishment arousing anger that children then turned against themselves. Ideas that are inspired counselling and social work approaches, as they try to rehabilitate the offenders by building up a warm relationship with them. Most studies from the broken homes have focused on the loss of the father rather than the mother. The Modern theories of the relationship between the disrupted families and the delinquency fall into three major classes, the Trauma theories. Based from Wikipedia, Trauma means â€Å"wound† in Greek and it’s often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one’s ability to cope or integrate the emotions involved with that experience. Psychologically traumatic experiences involvement in physical trauma that threatens one’s survival and sense of security. The definition of Trauma differs among the individuals by their subjective experiences. The next major classes of modern theory between disrupted families and the delinquency fall is the Life course theories, this focuses on the separation as a sequence of stressful experiences, and on the effects of multiple stressors such as parental conflict, parental loss, reduced economic circumstances, changes in parent figures, and poor child-rearing methods. And the last one is the Selection theories, which talks about the argue that disrupted families produce delinquent children because of pre-existing differences from other families in risk factors, such as parental conflict, criminal or antisocial parents, low family income, or poor child-rearing methods. What will be the effect of a Broken Family to the Student’s Performance in School? This research is based on the U.S Centre for Marriage and Family as they release their study on November 2005 that broken family structures consistently lead to education difficulties for children. The study says â€Å"When it comes to educational achievement, children living with their own married parents do significantly better than other children.† Children living in a situation other those with their own married father and mother are known as non-intact families. They are significantly higher rates of difficulty with all levels of education. Each child a year spends with a single mother or stepparent â€Å"reduces that child’s overall education attainment by approximately one-half year.† The study also says that the comprehensive review of recent academic research about the relationship between family structure and children’s academic performance. Education outcomes from children growing up with their own married parents to children in non-intact family structures such as divorced, single, remarried or cohabiting parents. These family structures were consistently found as the deciding factor in a wide range of child behaviours that affects their academic performances including their emotional and psychological distress. This also includes the attention disorders, social misbehaviours, substance abuse, sexual activity and the common problem of teenagers, teen pregnancy. Those children from non-intact homes had higher rates of depression,  anxiety, lower self-esteem and stress, particularly as teenagers. They’ve found out that some children from broken homes were three times more likely to suffer from attention deficit disorder than children from intact homes. Thos children from single-parent homes suffered from physical health problems. While Pre-school children from Single-parent homes were less likely to be given help with letter-recognition. Children from non-intact families’ scores consistently lower on reading comprehensions and in Mathematics. And they’re struggling in maintain their grade levels overall. While children from married parents had much lower rates of behavioural problems inside the classroom. Particularly boys from broken marriages showed a higher rate of classroom misbehaviour. 30% of teenage students from broken families more likely miss school, always late or cut class than students from intact homes, because single parents had more difficulty monitoring their children. These may cause the children to be at high risk for smoking, consuming alcohol or drugs. Most of the teenagers now a day were more likely to be sexually active and had higher rates of pregnancy, especially those from the non-intact families. Children who were from single-parent home by the time they were ten were more than twice is likely to be arrested by age of 14. Who never lived with their own father had the highest likelihood of being arrested. These study reports that majority of U.S children will spent a significant part of their child hood by the time they reach 18. And Single parent homes in the U.S. nearly doubled in the period from 1968-2003. Based on other researches, Most of the Children from unmarried parents/separated families often fail and are at risk emotionally. This may not be completely applicable in all instances of broken homes. The environment where a child finds himself/herself goes a long way in determining his learning ability and ultimately his academic. There are different effects of a broken family for the Development of the children. Such as Emotional development, this is the growth in the child’s ability to distinguish between and to express their emotions in socially acceptable way and to be able to understand the emotional content of other people’s communication. Some of the children who show little emotional response are actually bottling up their negative feelings. Educational Development, this talks about the performance of the children inside their classroom, and in what way that broken homes can affect them in their studies. Social  Development, Other children may experience anxiety, which can make it morw difficult for them to seek positive social interactions and engage in developmentally beneficial activities such as teen sports. Teens from broken families might develop a cynical attitude toward relationships and harbour feelings of mistrust. Family Dynamics is the interaction between the family members as well as the varying relationships that can exist within a family. Based on the new living arrangements, the children may need to perform more chores and assume additional roles in the new household’s basic functioning. A broken home can confuse or disrupt a child’s world. This was proven to be true from infancy through the teen years. Most of the children experience wide array emotions to try to navigate. Their Parents have to provide them as much stability as possible and involve other to be the responsible role models, to provide the support for their child. It’s important that the child knows that he/she is still safe, love and cherished. Frustration with a broken family can manifest through open aggression by throwing tantrums, hitting, and other outward expressions of pain. As Lesia Oesterreich, M.S., of the National Network for Child Care website suggest that the younger child is not able to express emotions verbally and does not understand the negative feelings he’s/she’s experiencing. And it’s also important that the parent will help the child to vocalize these emotions and make the children aware that these are valid feelings. The children may feel that their behaviour drove the other parent away and might strive to improve the behaviour of the child in hopes of the parent returning. Reassure your children will not be the cause and will be continue to be loved by both parents. The child should know that just because his parents’ relationship has changed. The child may feel embarrassed that his/her family is not intact and withdraw from normal activities. Those children could put on a brave front, pretending that everything is okay even when hurting. From which Michelle New, Ph.D. of the Kids Health website, suggested. Parents should maintain established routines at home to make everything feel as normal as possible, Encourage your child to have close contact with family and friends to encourage him at this time. Children from broken families are nearly five times more likely to suffer damaging mental troubles than those whose parents stay together, Government  research has found. It also showed that two parents are much better than one if children are to avoid slipping into emotional distress and anti-social behaviour. The findings say that children’s family backgrounds are as important – if not more so – than whether their home is poor, workless, have bad health, or have no one with any educational qualifications. The research adds to a wealth of data that shows children suffer badly from divorce or parental break-up, and that those brought up by a single parent are more likely to do badly at school, suffer poor health, and fall into crime, addiction and poverty as adults. The report, funded by the Department of Health and published by the Office for National Statistics, investigated emotional disorders – ranked as those which cause considerable distress and interference with the way in which children perform at school and during play. It also looked at conduct disorders which result in aggressive, violent or anti-social behaviour. The researchers studied nearly 8,000 children aged between five and 16 in 2004 and found almost one in ten had disorders. The children were checked again last year. The report said that a child whose parents had split during this time was more than four and a half times more likely to have developed an emotional disorder than one whose parents stayed together. They were nearly three times more likely to exhibit a conduct disorder. Eleven per cent of those children whose families broke up had emotional disorders, against 3 per cent among those whose families were still together. Nearly a third of children found to have mental disorders in 2004 still suffered from them three years later. The Department of Health said: ‘The Government is committed to helping children and young people experiencing mental health problems.’ But academic Patricia Morgan, author of several studies on family break-up, said: ‘This does not come as a surprise, and things are going to get worse. ‘Broken families and serial fathers produce homes full of conflict and chaos and they are terrible for children.’

Inequalities in Health

Inequalities in health have many factors but these can be argued against as to whether they are the actual cause. Social class is a factor, along with region, age, gender, ethnicity etc. Measuring the impact of social class is difficult because social classes have changed over the years, eg) working class living conditions have changed, and there is a delay in the onset of diseases, eg) Asbestos related illness. (NICE 2009) However the Black Reports (1980) finding was that the death rate for men in the lower social classes was twice that for men in the higher social classes, and the gap between the two was increasing not reducing.It also showed that some people in the lower classes were experiencing worse health than in the 1950s, maybe giving evidence that the change in working class living conditions wasn’t such a contributory factor. The report showed that British rates of infant mortality were in some cases higher than those in many developing countries, which doesnâ€℠¢t point towards a class inequality. The Black Report identified four explanations of health inequalities, the artefact explanation, natural or social selection, the cultural/behavioural explanation and materialist or structural explanation.The artefact explanation stated that the relationship between class and health is artificial rather than real, arising either through the inadequate measurement of social class and health, or in the measurement of the relationship between the two. (UCEL 2003) The natural and social explanation involved the idea that health was a cause of social class position rather than a consequence, and that individuals are selected into higher classes, while the weakest go down the social scale to occupy the lowest position.The cultural/behavioural explanation defined culture as a set of specific behaviours (smoking, excessive drinking, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) which have consequences for health. These behaviours were regarded as cultural becau se of the understanding that they are within the control of individuals. The materialist or structuralist explanation explained the role of economic and structural factors in the distribution of health and well being. Research was conducted to provide evidence for the materialist/structuralist explanation.It found a link between low birth  weight and high blood pressure in adulthood which leads to increased coronary heart disease. (UCEL 2003) The Inverse care law stated that working class people receive poorer treatment from the health service. It stated that in poorer areas, qualified doctors are less likely to set up practices so people in lower classes are less like to receive efficient healthcare, when in fact they may be the ones that need it most due to bad living conditions & housing etc. The postcode lottery refers to this suggesting postcodes in richer areas tend to have more money to spend on health care than poorer areas.  (DH 2011)The Acheson Report (1998) showed man y similarities with the Black Report. It found that there are still inequalities in different class groups, with evidence it is still growing. The report put forward several solutions including policies to reduce stress at work, improved access to health services for all classes, improve nutrition in schools, improved benefits and access to benefits for the most needy families. (DH 2011) In summary the evidence shows there are social class based health inequalities, however there are problems in measuring class and health.The issue of social change, and delay in the onset of diseases should be taken into account when looking at this inequality. Evidence shows life expectancy is lower in poorer, less developed countries. The Acheson Report is in depth, but prefers to advise how funds should be allocated and not what should be done to solve the problems. Some evidence for social class health inequality is more conclusive than others, however social class can involve status, wealth, cu lture, background and employment. There is not a simple relationship between class and ill health. Everyone will experience a number of different influences on their health.

Sales Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales - Coursework Example Q1. Lynn should center her presentation on the reputation of McBath and the company’s new display system. Some of the key selling points that she should discuss include the fact that the display system will not require too much space. She should also include the fact that shoppers already love McBath’s products since the company is different. Another key point that Lynn should use in her presentation is the fact that the display system has actually worked in other new stores and an advertising campaign for the new display system is in the offing. Q2. Stores can be offered quantity discounts when they purchase McBath’s products in bulk. This will encourage stores to buy McBath’s products in large quantities (Munson 209). Stores may also be offered cash discounts when they pay in cash. This will create a healthy working relationship between McBath’s and it’s clients (Rackham 165). Consumer discounts: shoppers may be offered an extra package when they buy three. This will enhance customer loyalty and will encourage new customers to purchase McBath’s products (Schultz, Petrison and Robinson, 116). Resellers may also be offered trade discounts on the products they buy so as to encourage them to keep buying McBath’s products (Rackham 165). Q3: Lynn can use the each of the four discounts to get new accounts. People are normally drawn to products that offer discounts. She can use quantity discounts to encourage Federal and other stores to keep purchasing McBath’s products. She can also use consumer discounts to enhance the sales of McBath’s products in different stores. She can make use of the cash discount offers to encourage the new stores to keep buying the company’s

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 10

Case study - Essay Example Studies have revealed that organizations encountering environmental crisis generally endeavour to recuperate their legitimacy by amplifying their environmental disclosures inside their annual reports. An investigation of the corporate disclosures subsequent to a major environmental crisis is likely to provide additional understanding regarding the strategies and accounting theories implemented by such companies. This paper illustrates the legitimacy theory related to corporate disclosure and assesses the practices and activities adopted by BP following its ‘Gulf oil spill crisis’. The legitimacy theory illustrates the rationale behind the revelation of environmental information by corporate organizations. Legitimacy theory states that corporate firms must think about the rights of the society on the whole, and not merely focus on that of their investors. If the firms do not seem to function within the limits of the conduct considered suitable by the society, then the society will take actions to hamper the firm’s right to carry on its business operations. When there is a definite and possible inconsistency amid the business as well as the social value systems, it will result in intimidations to organizational legitimacy in context of economic, legal, and other authorizations (Prabhu 1998; Neu et al. 1998). Neu et al. (1998) opined that the legitimacy of a company is built and preserved by means of symbolic action, which act as elements of the company’s public image. This paper would evaluate the disclosure patterns as well as BP’s strategies following the crisis related to the ‘Gulf of Mexico oil spill’. In April, 2010, a fire explosion took place in the ‘Deepwater Horizon oil rig’, ultimately sinking the vessel and spilling 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, until the well was lastingly plugged. This incident resulted in the death of 11 people, while gravely injuring 17 persons. The event had serious

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case study - Assignment Example Obedience is all about the tendency to obey authority figures. The subordinates may not question the instructions given by the superiors in the organization. The other term seen from the case study is related to AUTHORITY. This refers to the process of controlling the other people in the workplace so that their behaviour can conform to the expected standards. However, there has been a dramatic shift from the way power and authority used to be exercised in the organization compared to the current period. As depicted in the case of IBM, the theme of PERSUASION has significantly gained prominence in managing organizations during the contemporary period. This involves the process of trying to influence and convince the employees in the organization to share the same vision with you. If properly implemented, this strategy can help the employees to be productive in their efforts since they would be in a position to share the same vision with the manager. The other term is VISION which is concerned about the goals and objectives of the organization. The manager has a responsibility of sharing the vision of the organization with the workers so that their efforts can be directed towards the attainment of the desired goals. The other theme presented in the case is NEGOTIATION where the leaders ought to engage the employees when intending to make decisions or solve conflicts that may exist in the organization. People tend to disagree over certain issues and this practice is common in most cases. However, it only becomes detrimental to the organization if the conflict becomes dysfunctional. In order to resolve this kind of conflict, the theme of COLLABORATION should be taken into consideration. This theme deals with finding and solving problems in such a way that everyone benefits. It is more like a win-win situation In order to manage the organization

Clay Shirky - Wiki exam (group) vs Traditional exam (individual) Essay

Clay Shirky - Wiki exam (group) vs Traditional exam (individual) - Essay Example For example, each student will try to work his or her problem individually, not as a group. While 15 students can be arranged into a group of 2 individuals per unit and faster solutions will be achieved as each pair will tackle a certain procedure (issue) as one. Clay views that as the group grows it gets considerably worse as the group could sit around discussing the possible choices of all day, with no guarantee you will get to an agreement at all. With every one selling his or her interest, these complexities have nothing to do with classmates or friendship specifically; they are the response to the grim logic of group complexity. As the class grows it becomes difficult for a student to interact directly with everyone from their teachers and other students. If maintaining the connection between two students takes effort, then managing a bigger population becomes unattainable. This phenomenon even in situations, people may clink glasses during a toast, in a small group can touch gl asses to everyone (Berman 279).. The college should embrace the wiki project because it is kind of an organization where different aspects need to be matched from the students activates such doing exams, assignments, and the tutors with support of the entire staff in the institution. For example, they may need to call a meeting of the students or staff to convey a message. This form of communication may come from the academic chair or workers representative this does not mean everyone has to shout to give the information it must pass in a simplified channel such as school representative from the student and the staff leaders in different sections. Therefore, running a college as itself may be difficult, to achieve the aimed goal such as academic excellence. Every daily activity in the college requires recourses from human resource to financial resources to meet the required objective of the institution. As a result, no institution can put all it energies in pursuing a mission. It sh ould utilize considerable efforts on maintaining discipline and structure, simply to keep itself viable. Therefore, self management of the college becomes a priority while staged goal is relegated to number two or lower, no matter what the mission statement says. The problem inherent in managing these transaction cost are one of the basic constrains shaping institutions of all kinds. Therefore, the more students are involved in a task, the more potential misunderstanding and arguments in a class will be experienced. New tools of managing students can be used in classrooms with bigger numbers for effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning, for example, allocating identity groups in a classroom with different names of about five members in a group to share assignments and class work. This will make work easier for tutors to communicate and assign class works without having to communicate to everyone in the lecture room. Critiques of the theory Conflicting perspective of MOO Cs to divide education communities Elite institutions in the Academy, primarily leading United States universities are widely engaging enthusiastically in MOOCS by lending brand, content, funds, staff and policy, but it is not applicable for the minority as it prevents a conspicuous literature. Small institutions have not engaged in MOOCS because it complex for them, and those who have tried have sounded an alarm over it

Aspirations for Future-Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aspirations for Future-Social Work - Essay Example The purpose of life may also change continuously for some individuals as they gain more experiences in life .I have also wondered about how my life should take shape , in order to figure out my career options I made a not of how my personality is and what career options will best suit me .I have always been troubled by my desire to help people. I have noted since my early childhood days that I become worried when people around me are facing any trouble. I simply cannot ignore their situation and move on in life. The desire to help anyone in trouble sometimes becomes an obsession for me. I am not talking about helping only the poor people or things like that; I even want to help people who face any family or personal problems. I have learnt to live with this attitude of mine and have even decided to move ahead my career path in this direction. Work Environment Social work; although a very satisfying career option but is also a very challenging one. The work environment is not the one which is provided by corporate world. Understaffing and large caseloads is the norm in the industry. Social workers also have to work under a lot of budgetary constraints as unlimited amount of money is never available to a social worker. The work also involves a lot of field visits and leaving your desk to visit the client. The working hours are normally 40 hours a week but may even increase in emergency situations. Educational Qualifications and Trainings Required A bachelor’s degree in social work (BSW) is the basic requirement that most organization demand for entry level positions in social work .These programs deal with social work values and ethics, promotion of social and economic justice human behaviour and social research methods. Most of the programs also provide you with minimum of 400 hours of field work. (British Association Of Social Workers, 2011) As a thumb rule in England I need 5 GCSE’s grade A to Cincluding English and Mathsand 2 A-levels.These aret hegrades that Ineed to obtain in order to enter a BSW program. (Prospects, 2011) However if I want to move into heath and school work or even clinical work ; then a masters degree in social work will be required(MSW).At this stage I really do not know if I would like to go for the Masters degree but would decide as time progresses. A doctorate degree will be my preferred option if I want to teach in a university. I am currently not keeping this as an option as I would like to work on the field and leave the research work to others. Apart from these necessary degrees a social worker also needs to undergo various certifications and programs in order to advance in his career forward. Most states also require social workers to fulfil licensing, certification or registration requirements-these will be studies by me when I actually work on the field. Some of the colleges which I will be targeting for my BSW programme have been listed by me in the table below- (Social Work Training, 2011) Bristol University Middlesex University Birmingham University Bradford University Cardiff University Lancaster University Leeds Metropolitan University Liverpool University Employment Opportunities According to department of labour statistics, 67% of jobs in 2008 were in the healthcare and social assistance industries and 23% were employed by the government. (British Association Of Social Workers, 2011) Most of the social workers have been working in the cities but some do get a chance to work in the rural areas as well .The BASW predicts tough competition in urban

Analysis of monthly cash budget of Cyrus Brown Manufacturing Company Essay

Analysis of monthly cash budget of Cyrus Brown Manufacturing Company - Essay Example We will note from the income statement the net cash inflows from operations during the year after deducting the direct manufacturing costs and indirect expenses. As shown from the FS, the sales forecast for March and April are not sufficient to produce profit for the said months as expenses exceed projected sales. For the month of May, profit will be realized as projected sales have been increased. A substantial loss is seen for the month of June. A brief analysis of the data reveals that the loss is because of an investment made for plant structure and payment of taxes. The biggest sales forecast comes in September; however, it is also coupled with corresponding increase of expenses that includes second installment of payment of taxes; total expenses are 90% of sales. Accordingly, expected profit is reduced. There is a 42% drop in sales in October which is quite significant as it will also considerably affect the projected profit of the company and will reduce the cash receipts for the month. There is no explanation why the forecast of sales has gone down in October and November. TheTaxes have been deducted from the computations so the earnings that are shown in the balance are NET, that is no tax and interest have to be deducted. The net earnings are funds available for other uses like payment of debts or for other investments (Investorwords, n.d.) A projected monthly cash flow statement for March to November is presented for CBM to show the incoming and outgoing cash in the operations of the business. (See Annex 1). A cash flow has been defined as an accounting process that shows the difference of amount of cash in the beginning (opening balance) and the amount at the end of the period (closing balance) (Business Dictionary.com., n.d.). Management of cash flows is an important part of the business operations because most often it becomes the source of failure for most businesses. Thus, FindLaw (n.d) contends that when the owner of the business understands th e concept of cash management, he is prepared in the unforeseen eventualities in the business because he has a plan. Cash flows may become positive or negative during operations. When it is positive, business is shown to be in a healthy condition, while negative cash outflow shows internal problems in the operations. For CBM, its cash position shows negative cash outflow in the first two months of operations because of poor collection in March and slow growth of sales in March up to April. Cash flows will show the sources of funds used in the operations and how and where the funds are used. For sources of funds CBM provided an opening balance of $50,000 and collections from monthly sales. For March, only 75% of projected sales are expected to be collected. From April to November, 100 percent collection is expected to be collected. Because expenses are more than the funds collected from March to June there is a shortage of funds for this period. Due to this, CBM needs to get outside s ources of funds to finance its operations for March, April and June. There is a large cash outflow in June because of a capital investment and payment of taxes in June, after which cash flow becomes positive and profit accrue to the business. The cash on hand provided by CBM is $50,000.00 and it will need additional funds to support its operations. Approximately CBM needs a minimum credit line of $24,500 to draw for its monthly shortage of funds. It is assumed that CBM had provided capital for operations and there is no need to borrow additional funds. Conclusion. A cash flow projection

The Domino Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Domino Effect - Essay Example Through increased exports, current account deficit tend to correct itself and bridge the gap. However, what has been observed that in real world is something different. It has been observed that currencies of the countries with large deficits have witnessed great appreciation in the value over the period of time. The apparent reason for this appreciation in currency is the fact that the emergence of new emerging market economies like India, China, Brazil, South Africa etc has witnessed a marked decrease in the overall risk profile of developing countries. This coupled with increased interest rates saw the strong inflow of speculative capital into those countries which increased the overall attraction for the currencies of the countries having large current account deficits. The increase in the interest rates has been attributed mainly as the most important factor which attracts foreign investors and hence increases the overall attractiveness of the currency and helps stimulate its ap preciation in foreign exchange market despite country running a large current account deficit. The author further cited the examples of some countries like New Zealand, Australia, Britain and Iceland, which despite their large and persistent current deficits tend to have higher gains in their currencies. Theoretically, it has been argued that there is a relationship between the two variables however, empirical studies have proved it otherwise as there is very weak or no relationship between the two variables. These trends in current account financing however seems to be reversing because of the current financial turmoil in the markets. The article further went on to discuss that the same relationship however do not to persist over the sustained period of time and foreign capital inflows tend to dry up thus forcing current account deficits to much higher spreads. Further, the trends seem to hold when foreign investors investing into the countries with high current account deficits tend to be more risk averse. A slight change in the overall risk appetite of the foreign investor s may reverse the relationship and with increased current account deficit, inflationary pressures may further damage the trust of international investors hence virtually reverse the process of current account deficit financing through high interest rates. The above graph shows the relationship between the Current Account Deficit (CAD) and the growth in currency in Australian Markets. This graph very clearly indicates that the relationship between current account deficit and the currency appreciation and shows that as the CAD accumulated so does the exchange rate. Another important characteristic which is depicted in the above graph is the rise of bank credit with the rise in CAD and exchange rates. The higher inflows of foreign investment finally seem to be ending up in the form of local bank deposits. It is also important to mention that the article discussed the effect of foreign investments from two perspectives. First is foreign direct investment which is believe to have a less volatile nature and fluctuate less with current account deficit therefore has lesser correlation with the exchange rates. However, the speculative portion of foreign investment, the so called speculative capital, tends to show a relationship with the exchange rates and current account deficit. The below mentioned graph depicts some of the forecasted relationship betw

Teligius Reformation, Europe and Martin Luther Essay

Teligius Reformation, Europe and Martin Luther - Essay Example Luther’s main contention was that Christians need to be saved through faith and not their actions or repentance. He subsequently initiated a series of reforms in the Church through his prolific writings across Europe. His famous words, ‘only blood turns the wheels of history’ was uttered when he believed that bloodshed in war has become important part of history and reforms within the Church are needed for peace. These words become highly pertinent because the 100 years of war between France and England were highlighted by total disregard for the welfare of the common man and focused on establishing the supremacy of English Monarchy over France. The unnecessary bloodshed must have been the major reason for Luther to say those words in anguish and his beliefs that individual greed for power often ‘turns the wheels of history’. Indeed, the Church’s support to the Crown and exoneration of their sins through repentance and confession was seen as wr ong by Luther. He strongly believed that faith alone should have been the major objective of man’s actions and one should therefore be reaping the results of his/her actions as such. Martin Luther’s writings were the basis for Protestant reformation in Europe during sixteenth century. He was born on 10 November, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany to a miner’s family. ... ‘Only blood turns the wheels of history’ could have another interpretation: Luther, probably saw that personal sacrifices and reforms within the Church could also become vital inputs for making history rather than bloodshed based on vested interests of some human-beings. Martin Luther’s interpretation of Bible was more radical than the traditional papal’s version. It started the most important religious revolution that offered the common man to choose between the traditional Catholic Christianity or Protestant Christianity that was inspired by the reforms suggested by Luther. Luther was aghast at the seemingly corrupt practices of Catholics clergy who use to ‘sell’ indulgences. He believed that good actions of people would have no relevance until they believed in the goodness of the Lord. Thus according to him, faith superseded any actions. On the other hand, Catholic beliefs that actions can be repented and fate of believers could be revered i f they followed rituals etc. Indulgences were primarily Catholic doctrines that sought forgiveness of one’s sins through buying indulgences from church through donation etc. which were subsequently used by Church to meet its expenses. Luther compared them to common trade practices and said that indulgences could only reduce time in purgatory as sinners could have some stored merits. His 95 Theses is a comprehensive discourse on the corruption of indulgence system and how it defiles the basic doctrine of religion which fundamentally relies on faith and supremacy of God. He believed that Christian Clergy, including Pope has no authority to redeem the sins of individuals and exempt him/her from purgatory. Path to purgatory could have been one of the reasons for Luther to say that

Country Case Report for China Essay Example for Free

Country Case Report for China Essay The third largest land area in the world belongs to the People’s Republic of China. Presently, its population is the largest on the record and its capital, Beijing is the economic and cultural center. China’s economic growth greatly improves due to the trend of poverty reduction during the period of 1980-1990. From 542 million to 375 million, shrinking by 167 million, China’s poverty population exceedingly reduced. Angang stated that China’s achievements in poverty reduction made huge contributions to the cause of poverty reduction of the world (2). According to World Bank, the poverty population of the world dropped off by 98. 3 million. Among the five Asian countries with the most condensed poverty population are India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia, and according to the industrial poverty line, China’s current proportion of poverty population is the lowest. Statistics show that China has experienced a period of human history in which poverty population decreased by a largest margin in the past 2 decades, and reversed the trend that poverty population has been increasing in the past five decades in the world history, causing the poverty population of the world to decrease for the first time. That is to say, without China’s efforts of poverty reduction, the poverty population of the world would have increased from 848 million in 1980 to 917 million in 1990. (Angang, 2-3). Ambassador Baodong stated that the Development-oriented Poverty reduction program for Rural China for the period of 2001-2010 generated grand effects in the global poverty reduction. The number of rural population in China declined to 21. 48 million and 2. 3% of national poverty incidence was accounted for the 55% of global poverty reduction in 2007 (Baodong, 1). Technological development plays a vital role in the country’s economic growth. From 1980 to 1990, China’s expenditure amounted to US $17billion for imported technology. The trend of research and development made an immense leap. As a result there has been a modest amount of growth in the country’s development however the inefficiencies posted to be the chief dilemma. At the end of 1990, statistics illustrated that 50 of Shanghai’s large and medium enterprises only reached 10 percent of international level of quality standards and 30 percent arrived at the prototype stage using the new programs. From the year 2001 – 2005, this country became a major IT nation in the world, standing third place in manufacturing setting and first rank in telecommunications. The business cycle of the Chinese economy had undergone substantial magnitude from the time when the government established in the mid1950’s centralized economic management and planning. The period from 1979-1990 was depicted with relative stability and high escalation. In 1955-1978 economic growth rates, the movement went from 5. 7 percent to 9. 3 percent in 1979 to 1993 period. Investment cycles, harvest fluctuations, political disturbances, inflation and periodic retrenchments are the major factors that affect business cycles. Downturn was evident during 1980-1981, then an upswing from 1982 – 1989 and the business cycle in 1989 was another downturn and an upturn in 1990. Imai’s stated that his conclusion on Chinese business cycle stated that cycle interacts with exogenous shocks and generates business cycles with dissimilar amplitude and duration. An investment cycle is generated by patterned reaction of central planners who adjust the level of fixed investment in response to capacity pressure, an indicator of macroeconomic tension. An instititutional prerequisite of this cycle is the weak financial accountability of state enterprises (178). Economists added that the efficiency wedge, which represents institutional change and technology advance, was the main source of economic fluctuations in 1978 2006. The amplitude of it fluctuation declined after 1992, which resulted in moderation of business cycle fluctuations. Distortions manifest themselves as taxes on investment, which represents frictions in the capital market, became another economic fluctuation source after 1992, which is different from results of business cycle accounting on US and Japan data. Results also show that government consumption and net exports played minor roles in generating business cycles (Gao). China’s world trade generated a strong impact on its growth. Imports and exports led China to be among the world’s most significant export destinations for other Asian countries. Since the year 1979, the country’s global trade gradually improved. Presently, Japan’s exports of 11 percent came from China, before it was only 2 percent during the end of 1990. The Chinese government implemented tariff reductions in order to continue its longstanding trend in world trade. During 2004, China’s tariff rates dropped from 0. 6 to 10. 4 percent. Part of the country’s trade reforms to (WTO) World Trade Organization is to lessen tariff rates and eliminate import quotas and licenses, opening sectors for foreign country involvement such as telecommunications, financial and insurance services. Complete access to foreign participants is greatly assured through automatic licensing procedures. Eradication of limitations on trading and domestic distribution for majority of goods is also part of the plan. According to WTO, China will retain import state trading for wheat, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cotton and chemical fertilizers, as with export trading, corn, tea, rice, coal, silk, crude and processed oils, cotton, tungsten and ammonium products are included. In addition to this, China had been permanently bestowed with the most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment by other participants of WTO. As response to this honor, some countries have abolished restrictions on China’s imports. The contributing factor for the possible boost in China’s trade is when quota restrictions are lifted. China’s membership to World Trade Organization made enormous effect on some of the trends in relation to the role of China in international trade. Examples comprise of its magnetism to foreign investors and developing role in global export base. This is evident in IMF statistics that showed its market share in Japan, United States and Europe, from the period 1980 to 1990, an overall total of 10. 3 percent, and end of 2003, a whopping 37 percent (Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics). â€Å"Just as water always flows to the lowest point, China is bound to be the first option for foreign capital investment (â€Å"Chinas Cheap† A1). China’s labor force is considered cheap and also of good quality. It is estimated that 100 million of employees in rural areas are likely to be waiting to be changed to urban workers. The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is a significant gauge to quantify the labor supply of PR China. In the period of 1980-1990, the LFPR in China is higher among other countries. The most likely basis is moderately low income level. There is high participation in the labor force among women because one wage earner is inadequate to support a family. In the last 5 years (2002-2007), women’s participation in the labor force exceedingly increased according to APEC statistics. Presently, the government was executing the guidelines which were implemented during 1997, which was the division of labor market between urban and rural areas. The labor market is exclusively for high school graduates or those with lower educational background. This probable outcome of this situation is the layoffs in urban places and labor surplus in rural areas. In the coming years, it has been forecasted that China might face a nationwide labor shortage. The country is fast approaching the â€Å"Lewisian turning point†. It is a theory by Arthur Lewis stating the turning point from surplus labor to labor scarcity. In the year 1980, State Council issued a decree prohibiting the use of foreign exchange for making payments in China. Foreign exchange rates or Waihui, equal in value to the Renminbi at effective rate, were put into circulation for use by nonresidents only. It could be use for transportation fares, hotel bills and purchases at Friendship stores. Then in 1981, the foreign trade rate was since fixed at 2. 80 from 1. 750. In 1985, the internal settlement rate was abolished and all trade was governed by the Effective Rate. A foreign exchange retention quota also exists for a portion of export proceeds. Authorization was granted for Chinese residents to hold foreign exchange and open foreign exchange accounts and to deposit and withdraw funds in foreign exchange. In the year 1986, The trade-weighted basket of currencies was abandoned and the Effective Rate was placed on a controlled float based on developments in the balance of payments and in costs and exchange rates of Chinas major competitors. Shanghai International Trust and Investment Corporation was authorized to handle exchange business. In 1988, early this year, all domestic entities which are allowed to retain foreign exchange earnings were granted permission to trade in the adjustment centers, and by October 1988, 80 adjustment centers were established. Initially, a relatively small volume of transactions took place in these markets, but the volume has increased substantially since access to the centers was expanded. The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 6. 60 from 3. 72. In 1989, regulations were issued governing the use of foreign exchange obtained in foreign exchange adjustment centers. Imports of inputs for the agricultural sector, textile, and for technologically advance and light industries were given priority. Purchases of foreign exchange for a wide range of consumer products were prohibited. Such corporations are permitted to sell in China for foreign exchange provided that the sales involve purchases under the Governments annual import plan, sales in Special Economic Zones and other promotional areas, and sales of import substitutes. The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 40 from 3. 72. By the end of 1990, The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 70 from 5. 22. (Ka Fu) Presently, Premier Jiabao stated in the Annual Meetings of the Board of Governors of the African Development Bank Group in Shanghai that the government continues to push the Renminbi exchange rate reform in order to confer larger range to the role of the market. The reform permits citizens to purchase more foreign currencies and commercial banks. Financial market development has been highlighted with China’s monetary reforms. The Peoples Bank of China (PBC) has made great strides in modernizing its monetary policy frameworks but their effectiveness will diminish as the sophistication of the economy increases. Empirical evidence supports maintaining a reference to money in Chinas monetary strategy and enhancing the role of interest rates in its conduct (Maino, 44). The most suitable monetary strategy for China would be an eclectic monetary policy framework, whereby the growth in money supply and bank credit extension are used as intermediate guidelines for the determination of short-term interest rates. In addition, in deciding on the most appropriate monetary policy stance, developments in a number of other variables need to be taken into consideration, because the monetary aggregates are loosing some of their usefulness as indicators of future inflation due to structural changes in the economy (Maino, 40). The IMF also points out that Chinese monetary policy could improve noticeably if the central bank were granted more discretionary power to set interest rates. In the last two years, increases in the trade surplus and significant inflows of foreign capital have led to a large accumulation of international reserves, which has further complicated monetary policy handling. In this respect, the IMF has welcomed the changes introduced into the Chinese exchange rate system as a significant step towards making this system more flexible. Although it is difficult to define an equilibrium exchange rate, and not just revaluation, must be adopted if china is to increase the independence of its monetary policy and shield its economy against external shocks (Ruete, 8). Works Cited Angang, Hu. China’s economic growth and poverty reduction (1978-2002). 2 June 2003. IMF. 20 April 2008 http://www. imf. org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/angang. pdf. Baodong, Li. Remarks by Ambassador LI Baodong At Ministerial Roundtable Breakfast of Economic and Social Council On Food, Nutrition and Agriculture: Working Together to End Hunger. 12 July 2007. China-UN. 22 April 2008 http://www. china-un. ch/eng/xwdt/t339666. htm Chinas Cheap, High-quality Labor Lures Foreign Investment. Editorial. Xinhua News Agency 21 December 2002, A1. Gao, Xu. Business Cycle Accoounting for the Chinese Economy. N. p. : n. p, n. d. http://www. wdi. umich. edu/files/Publications/WorkingPapers/wp795. pdf Imai, Hiroyuki, Explaining Chinas Business Cycles. 6 June 1996. IDE. 22 April 2008 http://www. ide. go. jp/English/Publish/De/pdf/96_02_03. pdf. Ka Fu, Wong. International Economics. 1 January 2007. 23 April 2008. http://intl. econ. cuhk. edu. hk/exchange_rate_regime/index. php? cid=8. Manio, Rodolfo. China: Strengthening Monetary Policy Implementation. 1 January 2007. Social Science Research Network. 23 April 2008 http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=959761. Ruete, Javier. The Development of Chinas Export Performance. 7 March 2006. Central Reserve Bank of Peru. 23 April 2008 http://www. bcrp. gob. pe/bcr/dmdocuments/Ingles/Comunicaciones/Press_200602. pdf.

The Minoans And Mycenaeans History Essay

The Minoans And Mycenaeans History Essay During the Bronze Age, the Mycenaeans and Minoans became two of the most powerful and culturally unique groups the world had ever seen. Because they resided so close to each other, they had an undeniable influence on each other and this resulted in the two groups sharing a lot of the same characteristics. Despite having a similar set of characteristics, both civilizations had several noticeable and distinct differences, most notably in the areas of architecture, arts, and languages. These differences can be understood best when examining the fact that Minoans were more trade and nature oriented, while the Mycenaeans focused more on war and strengthening their military. The Minoans and Mycenaean civilizations both resided in present-day Greece, while the Minoans based their civilization on the island of Crete, and the Mycenaeans on mainland Greece. The Minoans, who were known particularly for their extensive trade and dominance of the sea, existed from about 27th century B.C. to 14th century B.C. until the Mycenaeans defeated them and took over (Biers, 1980, 27). On the other hand, the Mycenaeans were more war and military oriented than the Minoans, as seen by their victory over the Minoans and their material culture, which will be looked at later. As far as language is concerned, Mycenaeans appeared to use a language called Linear B, which consisted of 87 different signs and several ideograms, or graphic symbols that represents an idea or concept. There has been a large amount of evidence found in the palaces of the Mycenaean civilization in the form of clay tablets. The Minoans used a system called Linear A, a mostly syllabic script that contains 75 signs and several ideograms; unfortunately, archaeologists still havent completely deciphered all of the symbols (Burkert, 1985, 20). We do know however, that Linear A tablets contained accounting transactions, which supports the idea that Minoans were more trade oriented (Biers, 1980, 26). Both civilizations were very complex and advanced with complex social hierarchies; this complexity is best seen by examining the archaeological remains of each civilizations architecture and different types of art pieces including paintings, sculptures, and pottery. Although the Minoan and Mycenaean styles of architecture were very similar, there were still several structural differences due to their trade and military backgrounds. Mycenaeans were especially talented at working with large blocks of stone (Biers, 1980, 67), a technique called megalithic architecture, which made it possible for Mycenaeans to construct enormous, heavily fortified walls that surrounded their palaces. This was in stark contrast to Minoan palaces as they probably felt that fortifications around palaces may have been superfluous due to their isolation location and strong navy. Minoans also used a post and lintel system, or in other words, verticals and horizontals (Biers, 1980, 29), as opposed to the Mycenaean megalithic structure. A distinct feature of the Mycenaean style of architecture is the relieving triangle above a lintel block, an architectural element best displayed on the Lion Gate at Mycenae (Preziosi and Hitchcock, 1999, 176). Both civilizations had palaces with intricate and detailed floor plans that covered a vast amount of land and had a central area upon which the rest of the palace would be built around. Typically, in Minoan palaces such as Knossos, the central area would be a large courtyard which was the focus of everyday life and served as the site for religious rituals and other ceremonial functions (Biers, 1980, 29). On the other hand, the central area of a Mycenaean palace was called a megaron. Typically, Mycenaean palaces such as Pylos, were highly decorated; this included the walls and the floor and even the hearth, which had spiral and flame patterns painted several times (Biers, 1980, 71). Another aspect of the Mycenaean culture that showed they had a military sense was their utilization of advanced hydraulic engineering. Not only did they have great fortification walls, but they had carefully maintained roads that served as an important network connector to their various major centers (Bier s, 1980, 74). While it is reasonable to conclude that both civilizations had impressive pieces of architectural work, the Mycenaeans tended to have a greater abundance of military architecture in its world. Based on an abundant amount of archaeological evidence, it is apparent that the Minoans were more interested in nature oriented art while Mycenaeans were more interested in warlike paintings. The Minoans loved to paint frescoes with bright, vibrant colors such as terra cotta red and used these colors to depict beautiful scenes of nature (Biers, 1980, 29). Minoan also liked to use a vivid red paint to paint the floor as a blanket of color and not just for frescoes (Hirsch, 1980, 453). There were also many enormous bull-vaulting scenes, present in Minoan palaces. In these paintings, the bulls were typically painted brown and white while the men were painted red and then women were painted white (Biers, 1980, 46). When examining Mycenaean art it is clear that they were strongly influenced by the Minoans because you can see several Minoan themes in their paintings and frescoes. An example of this is the procession fresco and the bull-vaulting scene (Biers, 1980, 80). Despite this obvious correlation, Mycenaean art usually had a lesser emphasis on nature, which was only used as a backdrop for scenes, and a greater emphasis on warlike scenes (Biers, 1980, 82). Both societies also made terra cotta figurines but Minoans features household goddesses with flaring skirts and raised hands (Biers, 1980, 55) while the Mycenaean figurines were larger in scale and were primarily categorized into three types: Phi, women with no arms, Psi, women whose arms made a crescent shape, and Tau (Biers, 1980, 89). While both cultures were masterful in painting sculptures and other forms of art, the Minoans concentrated more on being detailed and nature oriented while the Mycenaeans were more plain and focused more on warlike sculptures. Perhaps the archaeological find with the most abundant amount of evidence that backs up the idea that Minoans were more nature oriented than their counter part, the Mycenaeans, is pottery. Minoan pottery is considered to be far more decorative than that of the Mycenaeans and their pottery attained a very high standard in both fabric and decoration (Biers, 1980, 52). Since pottery was actually also used to determine chronology, Minoan pottery actually provided a foundation for dividing the different Minoan eras. Late Minoan IA style featured spirals with details added in white and floral motifs (Biers, 1980, 54), while Late Minoan IB style, the Marine style, featured several nature-like qualities such as the depictions of sea creatures, particularly octopus (Biers, 1980, 54). Unlike Minoan pottery, Mycenaean pottery was simple and dull in its decoration (Biers, 1980, 85). Mycenaean pottery was designed with a dull black-to-brown glaze while the Late Helladic IIIB pottery featured shap es such as a kylix, and the Late Helladic IIIC period featured simple linear patterns and warrior scenes (Biers, 1980, 85 and 86). The Mycenaeans and Minoans had very different tastes in pottery as the Mycenaeans went for a more simple, plain, and at times, warrior style, while the Minoans went for a more colorful, and nature like style. Like most material culture, the religion and burial practices of the Minoans and Mycenaeans shared many similarities and had many differences. Minoan religion featured several female goddesses, prompting Arthur Evans to claim that their religion was a Mother goddess-centered religion (Olsen, 1998, 382). Additionally, animals and the death and rebirth of vegetationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦serve as the basis of Minoan religion (Biers, 1980, 27). A big difference between Minoan and Mycenaean religious practices was that Mycenaean cult buildings were independent structures which avoided the Minoan practice of building multiple shrines within their settlement (Burkert, 1985, 89). Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B are two of the most significant shaft grave archaeological finds for pottery and metalwork that have ever taken place (Biers, 1980, 75). The typical burial method was internment in chamber tombs and, for the royal family, in tholos tombs (Biers, 1980, 76). It is quite evident that both civ ilizations did have particular burial practices and practiced religion, although in Mycenaean civilization burial practices took on a larger scale. There is no doubt that the similarities between the Minoans and Mycenaeans are extensive, mostly because of their close proximity that allowed the Minoans to influence the Mycenaeans so much. While they were very similar, they also had several fundamental differences, most notably the Minoans being more trade and nature oriented while the Mycenaeans were more warlike. These differences are best understood by analyzing the different archaeological, artistic, and language aspects because they tell a story about the development of two of the greatest ancient civilizations during the Bronze Age.

The Letters In Pride And Prejudice

The Letters In Pride And Prejudice To reveal how useful the letters are in Pride and Prejudice, we need to look at the history behind letter writing. Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice was written in 1813. The main form of communication then was by letters. However, they did not have a Central Postal system that we have today, where if you want to send a letter or parcel urgently then it could arrive within a few hours, instead they had their mail sent by Mail Coach. Although, you could send the mail by express, which was where you would pay an extra amount of money to have your mail sent faster, for example Mr Gardiners letter in chapter 44 was sent by express. There were no separate envelopes so letters were folded and the address would be written on the back, often they would seal it using wax. If the letter was private then the writer may have made an envelope which would be made from simply folding paper. In chapter 35 Darcy makes an envelope for his letter to Elizabeth because it is so long. Paper would have been extremely expensive in Jane Austens time, so to save paper the writer would write in the margins making sure they used up every space upon the paper. The letters would have been written using a pen made from a quill feather, which would have been sharpened to a point and dipped in ink. The lost original first version of Pride and Prejudice was written in epistolary form and was called, First Impressions. Other eighteenth century authors wrote in this form. A twentieth century novel also written in epistolary form is, The Color Purple, Alice Walker. In total there are 40 letters either paraphrased or directly quoted in the novel Pride and Prejudice. Letters are useful because they give secrecy between two characters allowing for complete privacy. They allow the characters to express feelings they can never convey aloud, they have time to think. Letters allow one to reveal their thoughts more personally and intimately than they can in person. Staring at a blank page of paper is definitely less intimidating than looking into someones eyes. Letters allow you to communicate without travelling yourself. They are good for the use of invitations. Communication is such an important vitality, and letter-writing lacks the loss of words, stuttering, awkward silences, and uneasiness that conversations can sometimes carry. You can read a letter over and over again each time gaining a better understanding. In Chapter 36 Elizabeth reads the letter from Darcy intently it quotes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ commanded herself so for as to examine the meaning of every sentence., she read and re-read with the closest attention., Again she read onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. They show that you can study a letter and read beyond the surface. As a reader a letter makes you feel as if you are prying. It gives you a quick coverage so you know what is happening in the novel. They are used to catch up with reasons of behaviour which advances the plot. From using letters it shows Janes ability to provide a variety and also break up the narrative at the same time. From the letters in the novel you can learn about the character of the writer and also the characteristics are revealed without being said bluntly. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, letter-writing is almost as much a form of communication as face-to-face conversation. In fact, letters provide some of the most intense and important climaxes in the story, not to mention some of the most intense secrets. This method that Austen uses effectively conveys the situation without any interruption or delay. The most obvious example of a letter revealing intimate feelings is Darcys letter in chapter 35.The content is informing her of the truth about Wickham. Darcy writes this letter to Elizabeth to apologise and explain for his behaviour. He writes it in a letter because he does not know whether he should reveal the truth to her. He writes You may possibly wonder why all this was not told you last night; but I was not then master enough of myself to know what could or ought to be revealed. He decides to confide in her. He says I write without any intention of paining youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This reveals that his character is not as arrogant as you are made to think about him and that he is considerate and sensitive which is everything Elizabeth needs to be reading at this time. He is focussed by sticking to the point and uses an anxious but calm tone. His letter is in detail and in great length. He uses a widened vocabulary and his style is varied. He is original and open-hearted. His letter shows that he is an educated writer. This explanation to Elizabeth is a crucial piece of text because it alters the way she thinks and her feelings towards Darcy and Wickham, Her feelings as she read were scarcely to be defined. Until he writes this letter, Darcy does not show his true emotions and feelings towards people. The letter is useful to Darcy because it lets him express his feelings that have been locked up inside him. He trusts Elizabeth enough to confide in her. A complete opposite of Darcy is Mr Collins. There are many distinctive differences between them. In chapter 13 Mr Collins writes to Mr Bennet to invite himself over to Longbourn. He writes the letter so he can meet the daughters and hopefully marry one, which will make him feel better about his inheritance. It is seen as being extremely rude inviting himself, but he assumes it will be acceptable. He writes a brief and formal letter in a pompous tone to reinforce gossip. He uses words such as: honoured, pleased and grateful to grovel and show his respect, especially towards Lady Catherine de Bourgh who he thinks the world of and boasts about knowing. He thinks he is really important by boasting about his position of the Church of England, he says, As a clergyman, moreover, I feel it my duty toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This is an example of him flattering himself. He uses a good range of vocabulary to boast of his intellect. He is shown as being patronising towards the Bennets by saying and tha t the circumstance of my being next in the entail of Longbournà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He likes to remind them that he will inherit their home which will make the Bennets annoyed. His letter is rushed I know this from the way he wanders around the point and does not stay focussed. From this letter it reveals that Mr Collins is already being recognised as a buffoon. Mr Collins and Lydia have similar traits. In chapter 47 Lydia writes to her friend Harriet to inform her that she is planning to secretly disappear to Gretna Green and elope with Wickham. She writes to brag, to send her apologies to Pratt for not being able to dance with him and also to ask Sally to mend a great slit in her worked muslin gown. Lydias letter does not take the plot further or introduce any new storylines. It is a very short and informal letter that is disorganised. All of the information is at random; this is proof that it has been rushed. Lydia shows no respect for the reader, she says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if you cannot guess who with, I shall think you a simpleton, She is also inconsiderate towards her family, she writes, You need not send them word at Longbourn of my going,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, for it will make the surprise the greater, when I write to them and sign my name Lydia Wickham. From writing this it shows Lydia to have no concern for possible consequ ences and that she is self-centred. She uses short sentences and a giddy tone, she writes, What a good joke it will be! She does not take anything seriously; everything is a big joke to her. She writes carelessly and with simple vocabulary which suggests her naivetà © and silliness. Lydias letter gets across her character as being selfish, immature, unsophisticated and definitely inconsiderate. One may think that sisters would share the same characteristics but Janes letters in chapter 46 proves that she is nothing like Lydia. Janes letters are to Elizabeth and are about Lydias unexpected elopement with Wickham to Gretna Green. Jane wrote these letters to Elizabeth to inform her of the event and to urge her to return home. Janes letters are long and detailed and are written in a more mature tone than Lydias. They are written in a formal manner. She is also informative and uses a variety of sentence lengths. She uses words such as imprudent and exigence which show her use of a more complex vocabulary. She also uses more complex sentences and a good use of commas and semi-colons for example, I am truly glad, dearest Lizzy, that you have been spared something of these distressing scenes; but now, as the first shock is over, shall I own that u long for your return? Even though she is very distressed and concerned she manages to stay pleasant towards Wickham, she says,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I am willing to hope the best, and that his character has been misunderstood., and, My father and mother believe the worst, but I cannot think so ill of him. She is still kind even in thoughts. She uses a comforting tone towards Elizabeth because she knows that she will be distraught by the news, she writes, I am very, very sorry., and My dear Lizzyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She is being sympathetic and a true sister! Jane uses abbreviations for places and names that she knows Lizzy will understand, these are, Mrs F. , W. and Colonel F. The letters reveal that Janes character is comforting, kind-hearted and considerate. I have learned that in Pride and Prejudice the letters are very useful because they move the plot along and introduce new storylines. They give secrecy between two characters and allow them to express their true feelings. The characters will find it much easier to reveal their thoughts more intimately in a letter then saying it in person. Most importantly they allow us to see what the letter reveals about the writers character and give us a better understanding for their actions and behaviour. By Alana Holmes

Battle of Gettysburg Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Battle of Gettysburg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Battle of Gettysburg was the most decisive battle for the North, and it lasted for a total of three days. It began on July 1 and ended on July 3, 1863. The Confederacy was going on the offensive and was beginning to venture into Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Washington D.C. They encountered Union troops as they advanced towards Harrisburg where they planned to cut off Union supply lines and to steal provisions that they needed. The Battle of Gettysburg became the bloodiest multi-day battle ever fought in United States history. At the end of the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union claimed victory, and they would use this psychological advantage throughout the rest of the Civil War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the first day of battle, the Confederate Cavalry attacked a Union Cavalry division that the Confederates greatly outnumbered. The Union Cavalry was able to hold the Confederates off and actually drive them back until the late afternoon. When Confederate reinforcements arrived, they helped to overpower the Union soldiers and force them to retreat. The Union army then attempted to regroup on Cemetery Hill where they were joined by the bulk of General Meade’s Union army.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 2, the second day of fighting began. The day began with Lee ordering an attack on the Union flanks in hopes of surrounding them. The Union held strong on the right flank, but on the left, the Confederates were a...

Theme of Creativity in The Destructors :: Graham Greene

Conditions within various regions often restrict freedoms and creativity of the individual, as a result of human experiences, an individual may commit an act of violence, intended with a different goal, not just that of destruction. In "The Destructors," the author uses diction, setting, and syntax to unveil a general truth of an aspect of human nature: creativity. The poignant use of diction throughout the short story, mostly in the action segment, subliminally demonstrated the positive aspects of destruction. The author goes into Mr. Thomas' mind and illustrates the opinion that, "…but why should burglars engage in what sounded more and more like a stealthy form of carpentry?" By comparing the destruction of Old Misery to a respectable occupation, the author shows a manner of destruction interpreted positively. In the midst of the action, the author mentions "…they worked with the seriousness of creators." Such a statement indicates the complexity of the work occurring at the house: there was more afoot than mere destruction. Through explicit depictions of thoughts and actions within the story, the author reveals a hidden message of human nature, in that not all destruction is evil. The author utilizes setting to construct a firm foundation in this story by referencing the repercussion of bomb sites repeatedly. First mentioned as the location of their meetings, "an impromptu car-park, the site of the last bomb of the first blitz," the setting played an important role in the story. Whilst the rubble of a bombsite seems heartrending, the boys in the gang show no emotion to such scenery, this detached interest signifies an irregularity-destruction taking place of other inane characteristics. Old Misery completely contradicted this belief that the boys held, frequently described with “it’s a beautiful house” and “it had escaped the blast which had smashed the house next door.” Such descriptions lead to the perception of Old Misery as the light in the dark, where the boys were doomed to dwell. The author used this unique setting wherein the boys lived to reflect how human experiences can vary due to living situations. The author gave significance to the action within the story through forms of syntax. In Trevor’s speech to Summers, he uses short lines including “we are going to destroy this house” and there won’t be anything left when we’ve finished” to cause Trevor’s personality to become more realistic in tone. Theme of Creativity in The Destructors :: Graham Greene Conditions within various regions often restrict freedoms and creativity of the individual, as a result of human experiences, an individual may commit an act of violence, intended with a different goal, not just that of destruction. In "The Destructors," the author uses diction, setting, and syntax to unveil a general truth of an aspect of human nature: creativity. The poignant use of diction throughout the short story, mostly in the action segment, subliminally demonstrated the positive aspects of destruction. The author goes into Mr. Thomas' mind and illustrates the opinion that, "…but why should burglars engage in what sounded more and more like a stealthy form of carpentry?" By comparing the destruction of Old Misery to a respectable occupation, the author shows a manner of destruction interpreted positively. In the midst of the action, the author mentions "…they worked with the seriousness of creators." Such a statement indicates the complexity of the work occurring at the house: there was more afoot than mere destruction. Through explicit depictions of thoughts and actions within the story, the author reveals a hidden message of human nature, in that not all destruction is evil. The author utilizes setting to construct a firm foundation in this story by referencing the repercussion of bomb sites repeatedly. First mentioned as the location of their meetings, "an impromptu car-park, the site of the last bomb of the first blitz," the setting played an important role in the story. Whilst the rubble of a bombsite seems heartrending, the boys in the gang show no emotion to such scenery, this detached interest signifies an irregularity-destruction taking place of other inane characteristics. Old Misery completely contradicted this belief that the boys held, frequently described with “it’s a beautiful house” and “it had escaped the blast which had smashed the house next door.” Such descriptions lead to the perception of Old Misery as the light in the dark, where the boys were doomed to dwell. The author used this unique setting wherein the boys lived to reflect how human experiences can vary due to living situations. The author gave significance to the action within the story through forms of syntax. In Trevor’s speech to Summers, he uses short lines including “we are going to destroy this house” and there won’t be anything left when we’ve finished” to cause Trevor’s personality to become more realistic in tone.

Character Traits In A Seperate Peace Essay -- essays research papers

In the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles, one of the main themes is the effects of realism, idealism, and isolationism on Brinker, Phineas, and Gene. Though not everyone can be described using one of these approaches to life, the approaches completely conform to these characters to create one realist, one idealist, and one isolationist; thereby providing the foundation of the novel. The realist is Brinker. Brinker's realism takes on a very morbid quality after Gene decides not to enlist with him, do to Phineas's return to Devon. Brinker still sees everything the way it is, but begins to think that the way it is, is bad. On page 122, he is quoted as saying, "Frankly, I just don't see anything to celebrate, winter or spring or anything else." Brin...

“A” Is for “Absent” Essay

In a recently published article called â€Å"’A’ Is for â€Å"Absent’† by Chris Piper a proofreader for The University of Texas at Arlington who wrote about how enrolling in a course which he dreaded to do but decided to take the course anyway to complete now rather later. Piper initially received high grades on almost all projects. Being absent ultimately caused him to drop ten points and he ended with a final grade of a â€Å"C† due to his absences. Piper â€Å"admittedly feels like he earned the grade that was given to him at the time†. He also admits the syllabus clearly states what would occur if he missed more than the allotted â€Å"freebies.† He feels as though if he’s receiving great grades on test, quizzes etc†¦ he shouldn’t be penalized for his absences. Piper feels like as long as he’s paying for his education he should be able to do what he likes as long as he maintains high scores. Being absent ultimately causes you to miss the most essential parts of class. You miss class participation, peers, directions and test or quizzes that may be given on any given day of that class. Being absent is a way of saying that this class isn’t that important to me. As a peer in your class if I work hard just like you but you receive the same grade as I do but are never there, that doesn’t send a great message to me nor to the rest of our peers. Being a student requires you to attend class on a regular basis. When you feel like you’ve earned that grade that you’ve received you either feel as a student you worked hard or you haven’t. Paying for an education is a choice that you make coming to class is another. However, rules are rules and need to be followed. A paid education to me means you need to work double hard to maintain what great grades you achieve. Nothing in life is free, you get what you deserve. As long as I’m paying for their services it’s my choice to do what ever I like to do. Chris feels that â€Å"professors who implement attendance policies often argue, if this were a job, and you failed to show up, you would be fired.† However, there’s a difference between going to work and going to class. A job pays for your services and going to school I pay for there services. As long as I’m getting high marks when I do attend I shouldn’t be penalized and this is my choice. In conclusion, being absent, earning the grade and self paying for my education all seems fair but not to Chris Piper who feels like absences shouldn’t affect his grades especially if you’re paying for your education. He should be able to do what he likes as long as he maintains high scores. â€Å"A† Is for Absent Essay â€Å"A† is for Absent Some college professors follow the â€Å"not required, but explicit† attendance policy. Some professors make it very clear that students attend all classes, but it is not enforced through grade reduction. Broward College in Hollywood Florida suggests that each professor create an attendance policy with the syllabus, but does not insist on any penalties. The virtues of this includes treating students as consumers of education rather than kindergarten children by letting the student know that the professor holds classroom attendance in the students best interest, and will provide quality instruction to the students who attend. Excessive absenteeism can affect the outcome of the career path that the student has chosen. Why be mediocre when you have the ability to excel in any given class. Colleges need to find a way to treat students like adults while also ensuring enough of them show up for class to succeed. Your transcript is like a prison record, it will follow you where ever you go. â€Å"A† is for Absent The University of Maryland’s attendance policy states, â€Å"students are excused from attending classes in cases of emergency or religious holidays. The University of Maryland does not insist upon attendance nor do they asses penalties, moreover, Maryland does not require that any professor create his or her own attendance policy for the students enrolled in each professor’s class. Northern Illinois University’s policy on attendance is,†if a student misses more than four classes in a course that meets three times per week, the professor must lower that students grade by at least letter†. This type of policy gives advantages by not only ensuring classroom attendance, but by making it very clear to the students what will happen if they miss class excessively. A different version of this policy is found at South Seattle Community College, which recommends that the professor not decrease the students grade if they miss less than 20% of the semester. There is a clear and obvious link between class attendance and performance. Student who come to class regularly and are well prepared tend to do much better than the students who do not. The purpose of attendance policies is to ensure that students attend classes regularly, and to ensure that the student is successful upon graduating. â€Å"A† is for Absent http://www.ehow.com/list_646440_attendance-policies-marylandu-college-students.html http://www.south-seattle-cc-attendance-policy-college-students.html http://www.broward-community-attendance-policy_students.html http://images.search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A0PDoKyrujhSjHAAkKejzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBtdXBkbHJyB

Budweiser’s Internal Constraints

Budweiser is produced by Anheuser-Busch Companies (Anheuser-Busch), one of the worlds largest brewers silk hat known for its Budweiser and Bud Light brands. The conclave is a leading brewer and operates 12 breweries in the f whole in States (Company Website, 2007). As a company, Anheuser-Buschs internal constraints are as follows 1. high school dependence on house servant beer division Although the company operates through quad fear segments including internal beer, international beer, box and entertainment it is still dependant on the domestic beer segment for majority of its revenue enhancement.During the monetary year ending 2006, company generated round 74. 8% of its total revenue from the domestic beer segment. In contrast the other trey segments accounted for only 25. 2 % of the total revenue during the same period. Strong dependence on a particular segment increases the crinkle risk of the company thereby displace it in a competitive discriminate (Anheuser-Busch Annual Report, 2006). This is why Anheuser-Busch is currently battling for a presence in China, the worlds largest beer market, as state owned breweries look foreign help with privatization.In 2004, Anheuser-Busch outbid moth miller for the Harbin Brewing Group of China (Modern Brewery Age, hebdomadally watchword Edition, June 14, 2004). This year, Anheuser-Busch may acquire frugal & Newcastles 37. 5% stake in India-based United Breweries. 2. ) Poor liquidity position Anheuser-Busch has veritable outstanding long-term debt. As of declination 2006, the company had long term debt of close to $7,653. 5 million. The companys debt equity ratio is 2. 2 clock which is quite high as compared to industry average of 1. 3 times.The companys avocation coverage ratio is 6. 2 as compared to industry average of 10. 1 times (Anheuser-Busch Annual Report, 2006). This ratio clearly signifies that the liquidity position of the company is bad and this would disable companys credibility in the market and would be difficult for them to go up money from the market for their expansion plans. 3. ) High dependence on wholesalers Anheuser-Busch sells substantially all of its beer to strong-minded wholesalers for distribution to sellers and ultimately consumers.During 2006, near 94% of the beer sold by the company, reached retail channels through more than 600 independent wholesalers (Anheuser-Busch Annual Report, 2006). In 2007, Anheuser-Busch was appointed as the United States importer for a number of the agio European brands of InBev (International Herald Tribune, 4 February 2008). galore(postnominal) of the wholesalers of these brands have not traditionally been wholesalers for Anheuser-Busch. As independent companies, wholesalers make their own business decisions that may not always reorient themselves with the companys interests.Dependence of the company on the wholesalers may imply the bargaining power of the company in the market, thus affecting its financial performance. whole kit and boodle Cited Anheuser-Busch. About the Company. Anheuser-Busch Website. 7 Feb. 2007. http//www. anheuser-busch. com/Company. html. Anheuser-Busch. Anheuser-Busch Annual Report, 2006. 7 Feb. 2007. http//www. anheuser-busch. com/Stock/2006AR_Anheuser_Busch. pdf. International Herald Tribune. InBev cerebrate with Mergers, 4 February 2008. Modern Brewery Age, Weekly News Edition. Anheuser is Victor in Harbin Bidding War, 14 June 2004.