My Cultural Identity Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

My culture identity, as I know it as is African American. My culture can be seen in food, literature, religion, language, the community, family structure, the individual, music, dance, art, and could be summed up as the symbolic level. Symbolic, because faith plays a major role in our daily lives through song, prayer, praise and worship. When I’m happy I rely on my faith, same as when I’m sad, for I know things will get better as they have before. There are different disciplines within the humanities, but there is one that I feel that has influenced my cultural identity the most†¦music. I say music because from the start music told my culture’s history; informed others about deeds or events that had taken place, also, music was and continues to be important in comforting, healing, and during labor. â€Å"African American music has evolved through various eras and styles; the powerful melodic lines and the rhythm (the all-important rhythm) remained prominent and influential† (Powell, 2007, p.1). One way that I’ve celebrated and tried to connect with what I know as my culture is to attend Juneteenth Festival of the Carolinas. â€Å"According to Welcome to Juneteenth, â€Å"this is an annual four day event celebrated in the month of June at Independence Park, in Charlotte, North Carolina, hosted by Pape Ndiaye, proprietor of the House of Africa located in Charlotte, NC since 1997† (Juneteenth, n.d.). This family event unifies Africans, African-American, and non-African people and is celebrated with drummers, dancers, faith communities, local talent, special guests, and vendors that sell clothing, jewelry, food, books, art, music, furniture, purses, and much more. One may say we already have a day set aside to celebrate freedom. The Junete... ...x.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=10 Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina (n.d.). Who Are The Lumbee? Retrieved March 7, 2014, from http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=115 Powell, A. (2007). The Music of African Americans and its Impact on the American Culture in the 1960’s and the 1970’s. Miller African Centered Academy, 1. Retrieved from http://www.chatham.edu/pti/curriculum/units/2007/Powell.pdf Main Section | Community Tool Box. (n.d.). Retrieved March 4, 2014, from http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-competence/culture-and-diversity/main Welcome to Juneteenth. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2014, from http://www.juneteenthofthecarolinas.com/ Whirty, R. (2007, March/April). The Lost Colony of Roanoke. Natives People. Retrieved from http://www.lost-colony.com/magazineNP.html

The Development of Multi-Faceted Literacy in American Culture

Though many theories have been formulated about literacy and how to apply proper education to it, few seem to grasp the fact that true literacy involves lots of different aspects. Though many educators have tried to put the term literacy into a strict definition, it is best understood as a complex educational aspect. Literacy combines elements of culture, both nation and international. It involves picking up essential skills that can be taught in the classroom, as well. In addition to all of that, it involves a person learning the advanced art of articulation. Speaking well, writing well, and understanding how to get a point across are three things that should be included in that discussion, as well. How a person understands literacy is dependent upon which of these theories that person accepts as being the standard. According to Dr. Robert Needlman, literacy needs to be understood in a broad sense, as it is very important to all other forms of learning. In a recent article on the matter, Needlman wrote, â€Å"Literacy is more than just being able to read and write. Literate children see reading as fun and exciting. They use reading to learn about a wide range of subjects, and they use writing to share their ideas† (Needlman). This means that teachers must learn to teach their students how to read and write at the most basic level, but that is rarely enough. True literacy can not be gained without a wide application of many different principles. One position that has become very popular among educators in recent years is one that employs a strategy of teaching students to communicate. Learning how to frame words in sentences and paragraphs is not enough in order to truly teach someone to be literate. In order to be literate, a person has to be able to take those words and put them into coherent thoughts. This position is probably the one that most closely represents what today’s educators should be aiming for when they frame curriculums for students. Skills based literacy is the building block from which all other things have to come. This is generally accepted by most educators out there. The problem is that some of these educators are not going beyond that. Though literacy starts with the basic skills, it certainly cannot stop there. It can only be effective if it is combined with a literacy program that teaches students cultural literacy and communications skills, as well. Teaching one without taking the time to teach the other is like teaching a person how to fish, giving them all of the equipment, and then forgetting to tell them where the pond is located. Though learning the actual skill of reading and writing is obviously an important part of the process, the cultural aspects are even more important. Especially in the United States, cultural literacy has not been nearly as much of a concern as other aspects of education. This is partly because teachers have been teaching with their eye on standardized tests and partly because no real value has been placed on cultural literacy. Now, the value and importance of both understanding how to read and write and understand how to put those things into context is being stressed more and more in schools and to America’s youth. Certain school districts have taken the initiative of instilling this sort of program within their curriculum for students. According to literature put out by the Poway Unified School District, cultural literacy is important to the development of students. Their website states, â€Å"The best lessons for cultural literacy come from the many students who sit in front of us each day in our classrooms. Their cultures, heritage, and stories formulate the most powerful cultural literacy curriculum† (Poway Unified School District). Elementary schools are not the only ones taking notice in this. College writing programs have implemented strategies as well to give their students a chance to become fully literate. Reed College, for example, has an entire writing program that is dedicated to teaching students the proper rules for communicating in their writing. This program not only focuses on writing, but it also teaches the value of things like drama and other liberal arts. Hampden-Sydney College is another college in the United States that has put an emphasis on this type of education. Their rhetoric program must be completed by all students who come through the school, whether those students are business majors or history majors. In the full context of a college liberal arts program, writing takes on a huge level of importance. Universities that offer these programs need to instill a writing intensive program across the board. This does not mean that just journalism or English students should have to concentrate on refining their skills. It means that in history courses, religion courses, philosophy courses, and other sorts of classes, a bunch of writing should be required. By incorporating writing into the curriculum of these other subjects, students will further learn how to communicate with their writing and they will become better at the other subjects, as well. Without an emphasis on writing, a liberal arts program is doomed to failure. Successful communication is a necessary aspect of these programs, as well. That cannot be gained without learning how to write critically, though. As E.D Hirsch is quick to point out, the English language lends itself to much interesting diction for writers. In his book, Hirsch wrote, â€Å"Literature in English excels in every kind of writing. Its particular glory is its poetry. For historical reasons, the English language acquired a vocabulary that is unusually rich and nuanced, combining words of Germanic root (such as see and glimpse) with words of Latin root (such as perceive and envision)† (Hirsch). There are quite a few different approaches to organizing a program such as this. Some colleges have started specific writing courses that teach students how to put their ideas into writing. More times than not, these classes are put into freshman year experience programs. These are the programs that teach students how to learn and how to be good college students. More times than not, these classes are taught alongside a study skills course. After all, most students are going to have to write multiple essays when they enter college and writing will be an essential part of their life. It only makes sense to preach the importance of writing from the very beginning of the college experience. This is not enough, though. In today’s world, being able to write and communicate is essentially important. Just about everything revolves around it, including the business world. According to the Educational Testing Service, which handles much of the student testing in the United States, the situation is extremely dire. They state, â€Å"As society becomes more technologically advanced, the quantity and types of written materials are growing. Adults are expected to use information from these materials in new and more complex ways and to maintain and enhance their literacy skills through lifelong learning activities. Literacy skills are critical not only for the personal achievement of individuals, but also for the social and economic development of each nation. These skills are no longer linked to a single threshold that separates the literate from the nonliterate† (Educational Testing Service). This quotation does much to state the overall importance of literacy in society and it also hammers home the point that literacy is becoming more important and more relevant, despite what some might think. In fact, it is dire, according to C.H. Knoblauch. In his Literacy and the Politics of Education, Knoblauch writes, â€Å"However, if literacy today is perceived as a compelling value, the reason lies not in such self-interested justifications but in its continuing association with forms of social reality that depend on its primacy† (Knoblauch). In addition to that, there is sentiment from other literary sources about the American situation. The Formation of National Cultures states, â€Å"In America, the reality is that we have not yet properly achieved monoliteracy, much less multiliteracy† (Foundation of National Cultures). This means that the United States still has to work on both the simple parts of literacy, as well as the more advanced aspects. One of the staples of any liberal arts program is a good history department. History courses are interesting because of the fact that they incorporate many different aspects of reading, writing, critical thinking, and lots of other skills. Students are not only forced to write and read critically, but they are often forced to do these things in a cultural sense. History courses not only teach what happened and when it happened, but they study cultural trends. Writing and reading have to be a huge part of any history course. Framing a history course with an eye on literacy is easy. In fact, it would be very difficult to even consider teaching any sort of history class without the inclusion of these things. As far as the actual setup of a course is concerned, it would not be all that difficult to integrate. The course would need a strong textbook, which must be read each and every night. In addition to that, the instructor of the course would teach the class in a lecture/discussion format, where students have to get used to both critical listening and critical communication. During each class period, students would have to listen to an instructor and take notes on what that professor is saying. This is one way to not only teach students the art of writing, but it also teaches students to think about the most important things that they are hearing. From that, they will react to that knowledge. The course would not be taught with only lectures, though. There would obviously be some grading that would be required. Writing would be integrated into the course in both essays and in tests. For the essays, students would be required to submit a number of them, depending upon length. This would give students a chance to not only explore the liberal arts staple of history, but it would also make them learn how to express themselves in a logical way. Essays would require proper writing skills, as well as good organization and good understanding of the material at hand. This would be an appropriate test of the knowledge and a good way to further integrate literary skills into the course. When it came time to give the test, writing would be on that, as well. Some part of the test would include an essay, where students would have to prepare a concise thought without too much time to research the issue. By doing these things, writing, reading, and critical communication could take their rightful place of importance in the liberal arts field. Without them, the courses would be naked and barren. By including writing and reading in liberal arts programs, a university would not be precluded from also offering advanced writing courses. Traditional definitions of literacy have come up with the conclusion that it is actually a skill that must be learned and mastered. Though the cultural literacy idea has become much more popular in recent years, the idea of literacy being a skill has still not been lost. With the right amount of instruction, students can learn how to both read and write at a very high level. Like with other subjects in a curriculum, writing programs must take the opportunity to teach both the basics and the advanced aspects of writing and reading. Colleges would be well advised to offer a literacy major or minor within their course catalog. With this program, the university could offer tens of classes on writing and reading. Everything from critical writing to business writing could be offered within this major. With that knowledge, a student would be able to go on to many different careers, since it has been established that writing and reading is such a large part of the business culture today. As long as literacy is a skill, it is something that must be harnessed and taught in universities and in lower levels of schools, as well. Elementary, middle, and high schools would be smart to adopt similar programs, which would further prepare students for the rigors of college literacy programs. In short, this would take a concerted effort at every level of academia if it is going to be successful. This is something that Allan Bloom takes very seriously in his book, The Closing of the American Mind. In there, Bloom writes, â€Å"I used to think that young Americans began whatever education they were to get at the age of eighteen, that their early lives were spiritually empty and they arrived at the university clean slate unaware of their deeper selves and the world beyond their superficial experience† (Bloom). The need for education at early levels is of the utmost importance to people like Bloom. No matter what definition of literacy a person subscribes to, the fact remains that it is a very important part of education that must be addressed. At current standing, schools are not doing nearly enough to teach the skills and to instill the type of cultural knowledge that is essential in order to truly communicate. Literacy is far more complicated than many educators have been willing to give it credit for. The first step to truly teaching literacy in a correct way is to understand that it is a changing thing. According to the folks at the Perkins School for the Blind, literacy includes many different aspects that must be accounted for. Their website reads, â€Å"The development of literacy is founded upon our experiences – beginning with birth – and our interactions with the world and those around us. Over time, these experiences enable us to develop the ability to connect meaning to words and letters. First, though, the path to literacy requires establishing communication and connecting meaning to objects, events and people in our world† (Perkins School for the Blind). This means that literacy is constantly being learned by everyone, each and every day. With this sort of knowledge in hand, it is easy to conclude that literacy must be included in every aspect of education. When talking about a classic liberal arts education, this is especially true. No matter if the skills-based literacy interpretation is correct or the other interpretations are correct, one must concede that all aspects of the idea should be considered. When shaping the plan for literacy training within a liberal arts program, lots of things must be considered. Luckily for those people who frame curriculums,   many liberal arts classes already require many pieces of literacy to be included to begin with. From critical writing to reading to other forms of communication, literacy will always be a part of history, philosophy, English, and the other subjects within liberal arts. With that in mind, the key is to highlight those skills and make sure that students are given an opportunity to enhance them. Works Cited Bloom, Allan. Closing of the American Mind. Educational Training Service. What is Literacy? http://www.nocheating.org/portal/site/ets/menuitem.c988ba0e5dd572bada20bc47c3921509/?vgnextoid=2a8eaf5e44df4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=6773e3b5f64f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD Hirsch, E.D. Cultural Literacy. Knoblauch, C.H. Literacy and the Politics of Education. Perkins School for the Blind. Perkins Panda Early Literacy Kit. http://www.perkins.org/literacy/panda/ Poway Unified School District. Cultural Literacy. http://www.powayusd.com/projects/edtechcentralnew/culturallit.htm â€Å"Formation of National Cultures† Needlman, Robert. What is Literacy? http://www.drspock.com/article/0,1510,5133,00.html         

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems

The ballad is at the intersection of poetry and song, from traditional folk ballads crystallizing out of the mists of ancient oral traditions to modern literary ballads in which poets use the old narrative forms to retell traditional legends or to tell stories of their own.   The Evolution of Balladry A ballad is simply a narrative poem or song, and there are many variations on balladry. Traditional folk ballads began with the anonymous wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages, who handed down stories and legends in these poem-songs, using a structure of stanzas and repeated refrains to remember, retell, and embellish local tales. Many of these folk ballads were collected in the 17th and 18th centuries by scholars like Harvard professor Francis James Child and poets like  Robert Burns  and Sir Walter Scott. Two of the ballads in this collection are examples of this type of traditional ballad, anonymous retellings of local legends: the spooky fairy tale â€Å"Tam Lin† and â€Å"Lord Randall,† which reveals the story of a murder in the question-and-answer dialogue between a mother and son. Folk ballads also told love stories both tragic and happy, tales of religion and the supernatural, and recountings of historical events. After the 16th-century invention of inexpensive printing, ballads moved from the oral tradition onto newsprint.  Broadside ballads  were â€Å"poetry as news,† commenting on the events of the day—although many of the older traditional folk ballads were also distributed as broadsides in print. Literary Ballads by Known Poets In the 18th and 19th centuries, Romantic and Victorian poets took hold of this folk-song form and wrote literary ballads, telling their own stories, as Robert Burns did in â€Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† and Christina Rossetti did in â€Å"Maude Clare†Ã¢â‚¬â€or reimagining old legends, as Alfred, Lord Tennyson did with part of the Arthurian story in â€Å"The Lady of Shalott.† Ballads carry tales of tragic romance (Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee†), of the honor of warriors (Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Ballad of East and West†), of the despair of poverty (William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Ballad of Moll  Magee†), of the secrets of brewing (Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend†), and of conversations across the divide between life and death (Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Her Immortality†). The ballads combination of narrative propulsion implied melody (ballads are often and very naturally set to music), and archetypal stories are irresistible.    The Varied Structures of Ballads Most ballads are structured in short stanzas, often the quatrain form that has come to be known as â€Å"ballad measure†Ã¢â‚¬â€alternating lines of  iambic  tetrameter (four stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and iambic trimeter (three stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM), rhyming the second and fourth lines of each stanza. Other ballads combine the four lines into two, forming rhymed couplets of seven-stress lines that are sometimes called â€Å"fourteeners.† But the word â€Å"ballad† refers to a general type of poem, not necessarily a fixed poetic form, and many ballad poems take liberties with the ballad stanza or abandon it altogether. Examples of Ballads In chronological order, some classic ballads are as follows; Anonymous, â€Å"Tam Lin† (traditional folk ballad, written down by James Child in 1729)Anonymous, â€Å"Lord Randall† (traditional ballad published by Sir Walter Scott in 1803)Robert Burns, â€Å"John Barleycorn: A Ballad† (1782)Robert Burns,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† (1795)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† (1798)William Wordsworth, â€Å"Lucy Gray, or Solitude† (1799)John Keats,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci† (1820)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Ballad of the Dark Ladie† (1834)Alfred, Lord Tennyson, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† (1842)Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† (1849)Christina Rossetti, â€Å"Maude Clare† (1862)Algernon Charles Swinburne, â€Å"A Ballad of Burdens† (1866)Christina Rossetti,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Ballad of Boding† (1881)Rudyard Kipling, â€Å"The Ballad of East and West† (1889)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Ballad of M oll Magee† (1889)Robert Louis Stevenson, â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend† (1890)Oscar Wilde, â€Å"The Ballad of Reading Gaol† (1898)Thomas Hardy, â€Å"Her Immortality† (1898)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Host of the Air† (1899)Ezra Pound, â€Å"Ballad of the Goodly Fere† (1909)

Essay about Surrealism in Photography

Essay about Surrealism in Photography Have you ever imagined your life without photographs? Have you ever heard of surrealistic photos and that special thrill and appeal they bring into ordinary life? People who have grown up in modern society would probably tell you that they like to make shots: of nature, of animals, of trips, of buildings, of food and of themselves. But not all of them have heard of such notion as surrealism in photography. Just to shed the light on this phenomenon, we should say that surrealism is a special form of art with features divergent from that of traditional. In fact, it’s an art of abstract forms and shapes that one can see in fantasies and dreams, feel in emotions and anxieties. Inspiration that one can derive from these sources is always of unpredictable and unique nature. Having a look at the photos of surrealists, you will understand all the charm of this suddenness and will be surprised with the variety of forms and ways of their expression. Still, not everyone is able to comprehend all the depth of these shots and images, as they turn out to be the reflection of someone’s subconscious mind. In other words, photographers-surrealists take pictures of their dreams, emotions and fantasies. In addition, innovative techniques are used to recreate inner feelings of human beings, such as montage, solarization, double exposure and printing. The latter allows the artist to communicate their own reality to the observer and to draw the â€Å"sharp contour† between light and darkness, between the dream and objective reality.

Gender, Gender And Gender Roles Essay - 1823 Words

We live in a progressing society with one never ending battle, it’s a global battle. A clearly determined line from both involving parties reveals to us the ancient war of genders. A society which has overcome many social indifferences yet gender roles is a highly controversial and complicated topic. It seems this generation is caught in the crossfire of the final frontier of this ancient war. An increase in fundamental changes in gender roles is resulting in manipulating society and altering gender boundaries; females are breaking out of traditional restraints. As with all changes, there are positive and negative attributes; females are advancing and closing the inequality division between males but have traditional roles been underestimated? In order to fully grasp the understanding of the subject of gender roles, we must discuss the meaning of gender. According to Cara Tannenbaum, Lorraine Greaves and Ian D. Grahm; the authors of Why Sex and Gender Matter in Implementation Research, by â€Å"using the term ‘sex’ to refer to the biological attributes that distinguish male from female, and the term ‘gender’ to refer to men and women s socially constructed roles, identities and behaviors† (1). The use of ‘role’ refers to an individual’s placement within society as well as their position within a relationship. ‘Traditional roles’ on the other hand refer to culturally established placement; for example, women’s exclusion from public life, women being homemakers, while men wereShow MoreRelatedGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biologi cal characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the socialRead MoreGender Roles : Gender And Gender1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender role can be defined as a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Culture and society are two important factors in relation to this particular topic. This implies that various societies and cultures may produce children and later fully grown men and women who may have diverse perspectives of a man or a woman’s place or role in the world around them; this is often determined by their culture’s gender stereotypesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles844 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has institutionalized gender roles since the beginning of time, a common one is that women are the nurturers and housekeepers, while men are the breadwinners of household. In spite of centuries, and fighting for women s rights, such as the right to vote in the late 1920s. Women still have roles to fulfill, even in a modern society that is dominated by a virtual world. Gender identification has multiplied from that of men and women, to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ)Read MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve gender is only based on being male or female. People believe gender is based on the physical and biological differences between women and men. Over the last few years, the term gender has changed. When some people believe gender is being male or female. Most people associate gender with gender roles and how people are supposed to function or perform based on society’s expectations. In other words, people believe males and females have to behave according to their gender or gender roles to beRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles863 Words   |  4 PagesGender can sometimes be seen as biological characteristics humans have, when in fact it is the social characteristic ones society deems either masculine or feminine. Sex, on the other hand, is the biological differences in humans, for example, hormones and sex organs. People usually play gender roles in society, otherwise known as gender ideology. Gender ideology is when men and women have certain attitudes regarding their ‘fixed’ roles, responsibilities and rights. Throughout history men and womenRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1225 Words   |  5 Pagesoptions related to gender conduct. Male gender roles are instilled early on in childhood. As men meet these unwritten expectations they acquire acceptance from other men, attain potential mates, increase self-esteem and increase social status. This in part is called the socialization process. These benefits reinforce men to continue with this as their standard. What are these unwritten rules that are nurtured and ta ught so crucially by family and friends? Traditional gender roles are what determineRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles2086 Words   |  9 PagesGender refers to being male or female. It is usually used to determine the cultural and social difference between men and women. Gender roles are expectations of how males and females should behave, what attitudes they should have, what activities they should do and etc. according to their culture (Witt, 2016). Years ago, males and females had specific roles that separated them from each other. Males were known to go hunting to provide food for the family, and females were to stay at home andRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1829 Words   |  8 PagesGender socialization often begins early once parents are shown the sex of their child; from then on, baby showers are planned according to gender â€Å"appropriate† colors, which are often pink for girls and blue for boys. Even differences in how children are spoke to c an be picked up easily in Western cultures. Girls are called pretty and sweet, whereas boys are handsome and strong. Ultimately, the way children learn to identify with their gender culture is in part due to not only family and friendsRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles can be defined as roles society expects people to play on account of their sex life. Like all roles, gender roles are made up of sets of expectations, so they can be thought of as sets of expirations, so they can be thought of as sets of expectation that are attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of theRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagessession, I will discuss the gender roles in my family. The definition of gender role is the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture (Matsumoto, D. R., Juang 2013, 156). For example, traditional gender roles recommend that males are aggressive, angry, and unemotional. It goes further and explains that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the main wage earner. The traditional gender role for the female purpose is to

Challenges in Accounting Led

Question: What Challenges in accounting led to the Failure of ABC Learning Center? Answer: Introduction The various considerations of the literature review of the ABC learning center is seen to be important for the purpose of the discussions based on the several types of the policy blunders and mistreatment of the revenues and the earnings. It was seen that the auditors failed to interpret the earnings and the revenues of the company. Some of the important failures of the company has been identified in terms of the non adherence to the corporate governance policies. Some of the other financial discrepancy has been identified in terms of mismanagement of high debts (Coll et al. 2013) Over the years, accounting profession is identified as an important part of the society and has been recognized with several challenges. Development of the dynamic accounting practice is identified as the key consideration to excel in the profession. The main reforms of the accounting profession has been identified in terms of the various types of the reforms which has been made in the accounting profession in terms of the development of contextual, social and the behavioral outcomes. As per the present practices of the accountants, the, the professional accountants have to go through tremendous external pressure. Some of the key components in the literature review have been identified in from of recognition of corporate governance mechanisms and profession to follow codes of professional conduct. Some of the important discussions based on the literature review has been able to discuss on the main challenges in form professional code of conduct, ASX Corporate Governance principles an d the recommendations and various types of the norms which needs to be followed for the purpose of maintaining adequate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Lee, Lee and Kwon 2014). Professional Code of Conduct As per the accounting Standards, which are followed in Australia the most important emphasis, has been seen to be given in terms of the adherence of the Code of Ethics for professional Accountants. This code was introduced in 2006 and was revised in the year 2008 by the Accounting Professional and the Ethical Standards Board (APESB). The aforementioned board was seen to be constituted by the CPA, ICAA and NIA (Everingham et al. 2013). The main responsibility of this board has been mainly identified in form of the regulations, which are set on two fold rules. The first being member engagement, system target and self-regulation. The second rule aims to formulate the restoration of the reputation of the accountants, which is seen to be generally demanded by the public (Scarino 2014). The professional code of the ethics is seen to be contributing in terms of conducting a framework for the self-regulation of the accounting profession. It further requires the individual members of the acco untancy profession to act in respect of the public interest and reflect wider responsibility for the community rather than only focusing on only the employers, clients and the shareholders (Scarino 2014). The diagram for the contemporary challenges in the accounting profession has been shown below as follows: Figure 1: The contemporary challenges in the accounting profession (Source: Bahadori, Zendehboudi and Zahedi 2013) The implementation of the various types of the professional codes has been able to show the various types of the implementations based on a series of accounting Scandal in ABC Learning Centers. It has been further seen that apart from the well known bankruptcies such as in HIH Insurance, Enron and WorldCom, the accountants were found to be guilty for violating the professional code of ethics as per Australian Corporations Act (Shahiduzzaman, Layton and Alam 2015). The principle of the integrity under the section 110.1 is able to impose the various types of the obligation, which have been able to drawn from the various type of the members of the honest professional and business relationship integrity. The various types of the objectivity under the section 120.1 has been able to impose the obligation which is applicable to all the members to compromise of their business judgment and various types of the conflicts arising out of the business interest (Yunupingu and Muller 2013). The principle of the professional competence and due care has been able to highlight the various type of the issues which is stated under section 130.1 and imposition of obligations on the members. Including the members to maintain the professional knowledge and the skill required to ensure Clients or the employers are able to receive competent professional service. The fourth fundamental concept has been further discussed under section 140.1. It has been further seen tha t the various types of the obligations of the business to refrain from disclosing and the using the confidential information which is acquired as a result of the legal duty to be disclosed. The professional behavior is seen to be included under the section 150.1 and the principle imposes the actions based on the obligations on the members to comply with the various types of the laws and the regulation. These are associated to avoid the action or the omissions, which is seen to be associated to the relevant laws and regulation or avoid any omissions, which fall under the informed third party, having the relevant informed third party, and negatively affect the reputation of the profession (Bahadori and Nwaoha 2013). However based on the accounting bodies there has been several efforts made for being ethical for drawing the criticism. The public perception of these efforts are seen to be low, the ethical considerations have been questioned based on the quality standards. In case of ABC Learning Centers, it has been observed that the ethical code has been stigmatized as the typical reaction to the profession has been seen to be powerless (Lynn and Brownie 2015). Corporate Governance, Recommendations and Principles of ASX As discussed in the professional ethical code, the ASXs CG rule was developed in the early 2000s to counter blatant instances, which is also evident in case of ABC Learning Center. These particular rules are seen to be applicable in terms of ASXCG council to augment the Corporations Act 2001, which is often known as the corporations Act, 2001. These Laws are relevant on suggesting on the important aspects of the corporate Governance practice (Kidd et al. 2015). The recent changes in the corporate governance code have been able to include the eight principles as well changes with relevance to the further guidance and support to companies. The main principle has been able to show the relevant structure and the tasks, which is able to incorporate the relevant principles for ethical decision-making, integrity, disclosure rules, risk management and the shareholders rights. Some of the major changes has been further been seen in terms of the various types of the consideration which are seen to be made in the implementation of the new materials and formerly incorporated principles. The guidance to the CG practices is further seen to be dealing with the rights and responsibilities from companys point of view. The important factor taken into consideration in this aspect has been mainly seen in terms of informing the investment decisions through full and fair disclosure. This is particularly relevant in case of the ABC Learning Centers. It has been f urther seen to be critical from the CG perspective that all the companies need to disclose the relevant portrayal of the financial position. Although in the past, it has been identified that the public company has been seen to be affected by the several types of the theories, which are seen to be associated to depleting financial condition (Cheshire, Everingham and Lawrence 2014). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The corporations need to react in the socially and environmentally responsible manner. They are expected to contribute to sustain the development and have the different activities scrutinized. It has been further seen that the CSR activities in Australian companies are defined under the World Business Council for sustainable development. Figure 2: Activities for CSR (Source:Behavior Analyst Certification Board 2016) From the very beginning of this decade, it has been considered that accounting profession has been seen with several corporate scandals. These scandals have been seen to be evident in form of suspicious accounting practices and CSR approaches. The collapse of company such as ABC Learning Center has a significant amount of impact in terms of maintaining ethics of accounting profession and events, which consequently generated several amendments in the corporate social responsibility reporting. The company was seen to be making profits at the cost of Australian taxpayers whose money was subsidized for the use of child care by tested tax rebates (Burns et al. 2013). A major survey was conducted by KPMG International survey for stating the guidelines under CSR reporting 2008. As per the survey close to 80% of the largest 250 companies in the world has issued that CSR report that is considered 50% more than it was in 2005. It was further observed that the reporting level was maximum from Japan with 93% of the companys regularly disclosing their activities associated to corporate social responsibility is integrated with their annual reports (Rose et al. 2013). Japan was followed by United States and United Kingdom. With particular relevance to Australia, more than 45% of the listed companies are reporting CSR activities and the reporting process has now become a norm in the entire country. Some of the main issues of non-reporting was seen with principles of global framework and supply chain (Hou, Rego and Service 2013). The developments made in the last three years associated to standards and code of CSR practices such as the Global Reporting Initi ative, a see you having a major impact in the overall corporate social responsibility reporting. This is particularly evident from the last two years where companies has started to model is the CSR activities with their supply chain management (Hall, Agarwal and Green 2013). In 2007 company such as Mattel known as was leading toy manufacturer had to recall more than 20 million toys which was contaminated with lead as a result this was seen as a breach of CSR management and the reporting extends beyond the ownership and direct control. With a similar way the financial misinterpretations and the non reporting of the same in the annual report is often considered as a breach of CSR activity by ABC Learning Centers (Webb, McKellar and Kay 2013). Some of the earliest instances of the CSR including the ethical questions and social environment have been associated to accounting profession in the mid-1980s. With the increasing power, size and multinational enterprises several concerns and society have accepted the importance of disclosure of CSR activities in the annual report (Wardle et al. 2013). Summary of Literature Review In the recent times, the accounting profession in Australia and worldwide has shown significant transformations. This has been followed by a series of social scandals, stakeholders and issues associated to financial and environmental policies. It has been further seen that in the best interests associated to the profession that accountants have the opportunity to regain the credibility of an organization. It is an further seen that the accounting profession has asked to participate a number of improvements in the associated practices, allergies and laws which are seen to be governed by the business enterprise is and have taken considerations of becoming even larger and either diversify on a global scale. The accounting profession and the financial reporting is further considered include not only the stakeholders or thus shareholders but with the consideration of disclosure is associated with CSR policies it is equally responsible for reporting impacts on society and environment to th e general public. The increasing amount of concerns with the society and stakeholders and business ethics has raised the requirement for new accounting methods by which participants and organizations can address several matters to resolve the existing issues in accounting. Since 2005, the Australian reporting entities are required to maintain the International financial reporting standards (IFRS). As the adoption of IFRS began, the Australian accounting standards (AASB) made some modifications to the existing standards, in 2007 it came up with identical standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to maintain the compliance with regulatory standards. The several types of changes in the professional code of conduct has been further specified by the corporations act and ASXCG. Despite of the improving nature of the situations and the increasing financial value of the company is some of the important questions have been raised with the government regulators and the policymakers to make any significant changes to the existing system. Several policymakers have analyzed to what extent does the accounting profession wants the ethical issues to be addressed based on quality standards. The second issue which has been disclosed is related to the extent to which the CG practices are a comparable standard and the third aspect has been considered by checking the viability of scarce legislation on the Central Securities Depository CSD in countries such as Australia and alike on a global scale (Rogers, Saintilan and Copeland 2014). References BahadoriA. and NwaohaC. 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William Faulkner Essays (1340 words) - William Faulkner

William Faulkner William Faulkner was a writer in the early to mid 1900's. Faulkner was born into a life of a well-known family and a somewhat rich family. Faulkner also has a very unique style and this paper will show his unique style in the story ?A Rose for Emily.? William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. Faulkner was born into a pretty famous household. His great-grandfather, Senior John Sactoris was part of Mississippi's history. His great-granddaddy was an author of several books, a lawyer, soldier, railroad builder, and poet. He was twice acquitted of murder charges. ` ?Faulkner grew up around traditional lore-family and regional stories, rural folk wisdom and humor, heroic and tragic accounts of the Civil War, and tales of the hunting code and the southern gentlemen's ideas of conduct (Collier's, 1)? He also grew up in conditions of poverty. As a child Faulkner grew up in his hometown, Oxford, Mississippi. He went through all of grammar school and only a few years of high school and college classes. As a young adult Faulkner knew he wanted to be a writer. As a teenager Faulkner wrote and illustrated homemade books. After attending a few college classes Faulkner entered the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War I. When the war came to an end Faulkner went back to his hometown of Oxford. To keep himself from becoming poor Faulkner performed many odd jobs, some of which included a journeyman, carpenter, house painter, fireman, night watchman, and a postman. During that time Faulkner started writing his first book, The Marble Fawn. The Marble Fawn, written in 1924, was a collection of largely intellectual and derivative verse. After publishing his first novel Faulkner started moving around to such areas as the Bohemian Quarter of New Orleans, New York, and all over Europe. He moved around until he met Sherwood Anderson, and was advised to write pieces of fiction. Sometime later Faulkner published his second novel, Mosquitoes, which was about his life in Bohemian Quarters of New Orleans. Two years later in 1929 Faulkner published Sarlons. This was Faulkner's first book to include his made up country found in many of his stories, which was know as Yoknapatawpa County. Faulkner died on July 6, 1962. His writing career lasted for three long decades and every single one of his novels from his first to his last have all been popular and won acclaim from many people. Faulkner himself has a very unique style, ?he is credited with having the imagination to see, before other serious writers saw, the tremendous potential for dramas, pathos, and sophisticated humor in the history and people of the south (Short Story Writers, 293).? Faulkner has been called by many the Literary Carpenter. By using this material and showing others how to use this style Faulkner is credited with sparking the Southern Renaissance. By writing about the South's history, Faulkner changed the American view on the people in the south. ?In undercutting the false idealizations, Faulkner often distorted the stereotypes and rendered them somewhat grotesque in the interest of bringing them to three-dimensional life; and he attempted to show through social and political presumptions of the South the portent of it's inevitable destruction- first through war then through an insidious new social order based on commercial pragmatism and shortsighted lust for progress (Short Story Writers, 293).? In this sense the new south was shown as mainstream America. Faulkner writes in a way that makes it harder for the reader to understand. He uses long sentences that challenge the reader to make out the speaker, the time, and even the subject of the narrative. Faulkner uses stream of consciousness interior monologues, and frequently combines time to stress his belief that the past and present are linked together in the human psyche. The story ?A Rose for Emily? exemplifies these points very well. ?A Rose for Emily? is one of Faulkner's most critiqued stories and it is also one of his best stories as well. It is a popular book for its elements of mystery, suspense, and the macabre. In the story Emily Grierson murders her husband because he cheated on her and then she sleeps with his dead rotting carcass. The main point of the story is not her killing, but of her relationship to the two generations of people in her town, the first generation is known as the old guard and the second one is known as the new generation with ?modern ideas.? In the beginning of the story the